Unit Six: 1900 to present

1. Unit Six: 1900 to present

2. Remember the acronym… Technology Age Revolution Authoritarianism Decolonization Ideologies Nationalism Global Conflict

3. …and the song. UNIT SIX Two World Wars and Fascism, Communists and Cold War; Russia, China, Iran All have revolutions; Computers, Unit Six

4. World War I • Causes: M.A.I.N…Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism • Spark? Assassination of heir to Austrian throne (Archduke Ferdinand) • New Kind of War • Improvements in weaponry increases casualties (gas, machine guns) • Trenches lead to prolonged, defensive war • Civilians involved in war effort: “Total War”

5. Treaty of Versailles • Big Four: US, GB, France and Italy meet at Paris Peace Conference • Wilson’s Fourteen Points: self-determination, disarmament, peace w/o victory, League of Nations • Harsh terms of the treaty

6. Outcomes of the war • Devastation of GB and France • Weakening of control over colonies • Japan and Italy upset at lack of spoils • US a true world power, but doesn’t want it • China’s May Fourth Movement • Russia’s early withdrawal and revolution • Germany WRECKED and forced to accept full blame…ripe for rise of fascism • Ottoman Empire collapses and creation of Mandate System • India intensifies push for independence

7. Global Depression • Global economy dependent on health of US economy (especially Europe) • US stock market crashed in 1929 and created global depression • Wave of bank failures and personal bankruptcies • Unemployment at double digit levels • Increase in tariffs blocked international trade

8. Causes of depression • Overdependence on American loans and buying • Increase in tariffs and protectionism • Industrial and farming surpluses led to deflation • Poor banking management • Results? • Political instability and rise in political extremism (communists and fascists) • Invasion by dictatorial states • Modern welfare state emerges

9. What is Fascism? • Destroy will of individual in favor of “the people” • Unified society, but unlike the communists, not at expense of private property or class distinctions • Rooted in extreme nationalism, usually reliant on racial identity

10. Comparing Fascism and Communism

11. Fascism in Italy • Benito Mussolini seizes power from King Emmanuel III by threatening to march on Rome • Completely took over Parliament in 1922 • Outlawed all political parties, seized radio stations and newspapers, set up secret police • 1926: Italy transformed into totalitarian regime focused on expansion (Ethiopia 1936)

12. Germany • Weimar Republic and Reichstag • Rise of the National Socialist Party (Nazis) in the 20’s • Hitler • Preached ultra-nationalism and promised a greater Germany • 1923 he was imprisoned and wrote Mein Kampf, outlining ideas of “master race” and lebensraum • 1933 appointed chancellor through aggressive anti-communist propaganda

13. Gathering support • Established himself as dictator: outlawed political parties and SS (personal guard) eliminated all opposition • Gestapo: political police force • Used schools, newspapers, radio, the arts, churches to gather support • Public rallies burned anti-Nazi books • Openly attacked Jews, other minorities and Communists • Hitler boldly announced would defy treaty, and nobody stopped him. WHY?

14. Coming of War • Appeasement • 1936: When Germany reoccupied the Rhineland, France and Britain did nothing because they feared war, hoping it would stop further aggression • 1938: Marched into Austria and annexed it…again no one steps in • 1938: Germany wanted Sudetenland. Munich Conference called and powers let him have it…he ended up taking ALL of Czechoslovakia

15. Japanese Aggression • Japan wanted Manchuria’s iron ore and coal, seizing it in 1931 • League of Nations could do nothing • 1937: Japanese soldiers sweep through much of China, torturing and killing thousands • Italian Expansion • 1935: Mussolini invaded Ethiopia • League of Nations voted only for sanctions when Emperor of Ethiopia asked for help • Again…appeasement

16. World War II • In Europe • Most of northern and Eastern Europe fall, as well as France, fairly easily • GB and RAF left to defend against Hitler • Hitler invades USSR in 1941 • The Holocaust: as many as 20 million die, including 6 million of Europe’s 9.5 million Jews

17. In the Pacific • Japanese attack Pearl Harbor in 1941 • By 1942 controlled much of the Pacific • Militarist oppression and extermination • New Technologies • Radar and sonar to detect planes and subs • Rockets • Nuclear bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki (killing over 150,000) • Industrial capacities of US and USSR outpace Germany and Japan

18. Outcomes of WWII • Unconditional surrender • Only two “winners”: USSR and US as GB, China, France are devastated (US-Soviet ascendancy) • Formation of the United Nations and state of Israel • War Crimes Tribunals and international law • Rise of women • Decline of colonialism

19. Cold War • De facto division of Western Europe and Eastern Europe (Iron Curtain) • US Foreign Policy • Containment and Domino Theory • Truman Doctrine • Marshall Plan • NATO • USSR Foreign Policy • Eastern Bloc • Warsaw Pact

20. Cold War competition: arms race, space race, fight for aligned nations and promotion of ideology • Cold War turned HOT? Berlin Blockade, Korean War, Berlin Crisis, Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam War, Soviet war in Afghanistan, Non-aligned nations (India) • Normalizing relations with China • Détente beginning in 1970s and M.A.D.

21. Independence and Nationalist Movements • India (1947) • Sub-Saharan Africa (beg. 1950s) • Zionism and Palestinian Nationalism (creation of Israel 1948) • Vietnam (1950s to 1975)

22. INDIA • Led by the Indian National Congress • British-educated • Government of India Act of 1919 • Gave some power over domestic issues • Repression (1919) • Cracked down on freedom of press and assembly • Amritsar: troops fire on protest rally

23. Gandhi • Focus on peasant roots and spiritual traditions of India • Ahimsa: nonviolence in face of attack • Civil disobedience

24. After WWII difficult for British to maintain an empire • August 15, 1947 • Independence granted to India and Pakistan (Muslim-dominated area led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah) • Division led to mass migration of Muslim and Hindu refugees and violence • Gandhi assassinated by Hindu extremist

25. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA • Economically had become a monoculture of cash crops and mines of precious metals such as gold and diamonds • Ownership exclusively in European hands • Independence movements led by small minority of Africans w/ European education • Vehicles for protest: labor organization, social clubs, literary circles, and youth movements

26. Ghana (The Gold Coast) • First to achieve independence 1957 • Led by US educated Kwame Nkrumah • Strikes and protest removed British from power • On the other hand, Kenya had sizable European population blocking independence leading to armed revolt (1963)

27. Chaos and Ethnic Tension in Africa • Congo 1959 • Belgian gov’t departed suddenly, leaving country of chaos and civil war • Rwandan Genocide (1994) • Political borders created by colonial powers led to nations comprised of unrelated ethnic groups who became rivals competing for power • Conflict between majority Hutus and minority Tutsis • 100 day genocide, almost 1 million Tutsi deaths

28. South Africa • Union of South Africa formed in 1910 • Black majority population granted no rights • Restrictive laws controlled black pop. • Apartheid: separate black and white societies

29. Apartheid • 87% of land for white citizens • African National Congress (ANC): organized resistance was formed • Gov’t combated it repressive measures of extensive jail times for opponents • International opposition, like UN economic sanctions and international boycotts, brought global attention

30. 1989, National Party began to take apart apartheid system • Nelson Mandela released from jail after 26 years and ANC legalized • 1994: elections for all people held and Mandela became the first freely elected president of South Africa

31. Zionism and Palestinian Nationalism • After WWI, British had a mandate (nation administers territory on behalf of League of Nations) in Palestine • Conflicting promises to Arabs and Jews • Balfour Declaration of 1917 • Committed to support creation of homeland for Jews in Palestine • Allowed Jews to migrate to Palestine during mandate • Arab Palestinians saw British rule and Jewish settlement as imperial control

32. Migration increased during WWII • Pan-Arabism movement • Holocaust increased Jewish commitment to homeland • 1947: British gave up the mandate to the UN • UN decided to divide land into two states • Civil war and Jewish victories create Israel in May 1948

33. Continued fighting in the region • Six Day War in 1967 • Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) • Created and dedicated to reclaiming the land and establishing a Palestinian state

34. Vietnam • French colonial rule of SE Asia dealt with rising nationalism • France and colonies occupied by Axis powers (Japan) during WWII • Vietnamese nationalists under Ho Chi Minh fought Japanese then returning French using guerilla warfare • Minh was a Marxist who idealized Jefferson • Wanted US support but…Cold War

35. French-Indochina War lasted 9 years before France gave up Asian possessions • Conference in Geneva in 1954 created four zones: N and S Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia

36. Cold War sideshow • US gave aid to South Vietnam • Beijing and Moscow supported the communists in the North • Evolved into large-scale American war to protect S Vietnam from communist encroachment (1965-1975)

37. Revolution and Reform • Russia 1917 • China 1949 • Iran 1979 • Mexico 1910 • Cuba 1959

38. Russia • Behind Western Europe economically and technologically • Losses in Russo-Japanese War and Revolution of 1905 weakens ability to fight and strength of autocracy • March of 1917: Duma forced czar to abdicate • Vladimir Lenin and Bolsheviks: “Peace, Land and Bread”: Nov 1917 • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk • 1918-1921 Civil War: Reds v. Whites • Lenin’s NEP • Joseph Stalin and 5-Year Plans • Great Purges of the 1930s

39. Khrushchev (1953): de-Stalinization, encouraged more freedom of speech • Brezhnev (1964-1982): more restrictive of dissidents and freedom of expression; industrial growth declined w/ no incentives and a quota system • Gorbachev (1985-1991): perestroika (restructuring into a market economy w/ some free-enterprise and private property); glasnost (openness of discussing strengths and weaknesses of Soviet system); other parties and elections

40. Nationalism in the Soviet Republic • Yeltsin (1991-1999): economic reform against inequality and corruption; Chechnya • Putin (2000-2008): return of order, stability and progress at expense of liberties • TODAY: • Medvedev • Changes too much, too fast?? • Major problems with corruption and an unstable economy

41. Eastern Europe • Economic hardships and lack of liberty leads to dissent with Soviet Union • Did have rise in education and urban-working class • 1956: student protest in Hungary crushed • 1960s: Czechoslovakia’s Prague Spring

42. Lech Walesa and Solidarity in Poland • 1989: reunification of Germany • Eastern European countries join NATO/EU • Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia in 1990: Milosevic on trial in International War Crimes Tribunal

43. China • Revolution of 1911: Nationalist gov’t only nominally in control • Chiang Kai Shek (Jiang Jieshi) leads Republic of China in 1924 • 1921 Chinese Communist Party (CCP) est. • Initially RofC works with CCP, but turns on them in 1927 • Unified against Japanese attacks in 1931 and 1937

44. 1945: negotiations break down into civil war • CCP and GMD fought until communists win in 1949 under Mao Zedong • Changes under Mao • Economic: businesses nationalized, land distributed to peasants, urged to pool land and form cooperative farms • Political: one-party totalitarian state, Communist party supreme, gov’t attacked crime and corruption

45. Social: peasants speak “bitterness” against landlords, Communist ideology replaced Confucian ideals, health care workers to remote areas, women won equality?, extended family weakened • Great Leap Forward in 1950s • All life a collective: commune life, backyard steel furnaces • FAILURE: production tanked and bad weather of 50s and 60s killed 16-30 million

46. Cultural Revolution of 1960s • Instituted reforms to erase any Western-influenced intelligentsia/elite • “Cultural retraining” and forced egalitarianism • Group of teenagers (Red Guards) destroyed temples, cities and closed schools • Military suppressed the anarchy, but cost country loss of entire generation of educated people

47. 1976: Deng Xiaoping • Four Modernizations (industry, agriculture, technology, and national defense) • Foreign investment increased and student study abroad • Economy booms with these capitalist reforms, but left out democratic reform • 1989 Tiananmen Square

48. Women of Russian and Chinese Revolutions • Russia • Served in Red Army • 65% of factory workers were women • Gov’t ordered equal pay (not enforced) • Maternity leave w/ full pay • Women entered professions • China • New marriage law forbade arranged marriage • Women worked with men in factories • State-run nurseries • Party leadership remained male • Efforts made to end foot-binding

49. Iran • Qajar Dynasty (1781-1921) • Reza Khan 1921 • Shah Reza (1953-1979) • Influenced by West and modernized, but also oppressive, using secret police • Opposed by • Religious ulama • Students and intellectuals • Farmers and urban workers • 1979: demonstrations under Ayatollah Khomeini force Shah into exile

50. Under Khomeini (Theocracy) • Sharia (Islamic law) becomes law of land • Women req’d to return to traditional clothing and under legal restrictions • A stand against Western culture?? • After Khomeini’s death in 1989, more moderate leaders in power • Iran hostage crisis and Iran-Iraq War • President Ahmadinejad (2005-present)