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Kingdom Plantae. Characteristics of Plants. Eukaryotes Autotrophs (producers) Multicellular Cell walls made of cellulose 2 nd most complex kingdom May have evolved from algae. Vascular tissue. A series of vessels (xylem and phloem) that extend from roots to leaves
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Characteristics of Plants • Eukaryotes • Autotrophs (producers) • Multicellular • Cell walls made of cellulose • 2nd most complex kingdom • May have evolved from algae
Vascular tissue • A series of vessels (xylem and phloem) that extend from roots to leaves • Phloem cells move carbohydrates and other nutrients • Xylem cells move water and dissolved minerals
Classification of Plants • Bryophytes • Mosses, liverworts • Reproduce by spores • Nonvascular • Require standing water for reproduction
Bryophyte life cycle • Gametophyte dominates the life cycle • Male plant produces sperm that swim to the female plant • Requires free water for fertilization • Sporophyte grows from the female plant
Classification of Plants • Seedless vascular plants • Ferns, club mosses, and horsetails • Require free water for fertilization • Reproduce with spores
Fern life cycle • The diploid sporophyte dominates the fern life cycle • Sori produced on the sporophyte contain spores • Gametophyte germinates and produces antheridia and archegonia • Sperm from the antheridia swim to eggs in the archegonia
Modifications to live on land • In order to move away from water, plants must produce seeds in protected structures • Gymnosperms are cone bearing plants • Separate male and female cones
Flowering plants • Most plants are angiosperms • Flowers are the reproductive part of the plant • Some have separate male and female plants • Some have male and female flowers on the same plant • Most have flowers with male and female parts
Flowering plants • The male part is the stamen • anther • filament • The female part is the carpel (or pistal) • Stigma • Style • Ovary
Flowering plants • The ovary of the flower ripens and becomes a fruit
Fruits have different forms Their purpose is seed dispersal: Edible fruit, parachutes, stickers, and floating fruit are just a few of the strategies
Angiosperm classification • Divided into two groups: • Monocots • Dicots • Named for number of seed leaves • Other differences include • Organization of vascular tissue • Flower parts • Germination of seed
Cross section of a monocot leaf showing parallel veins (vascular tissue)
Cross section of a dicot leaf showing mid vein. • A. xylem • B. phloem • C. upper epidermis • D. lower epidermis
Leaf structure • Different cells have different functions. • The cuticle and epidermis protect.
Leaf structure • Different cells have different functions. • The cuticle and epidermis protect. • Palisade cells photosynthesize.
Leaf structure • Different cells have different functions. • The cuticle and epidermis protect. • Palisade cells photosynthesize. • Spongy cells contain air spaces.
Leaf structure • Guard cells open and close to regulate gas exchange and water loss.