BIOMES AND ECOSYSTEMS

1. BIOMES ANDECOSYSTEMS https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hIy0ZlyPPDg

2. What is a biosphere? • The biosphere is all the parts of Earth that support life. • This measures approximately 20km thick (12.4 miles)! Most life on Earth exists between 500m below the surface of the ocean and about 6km above sea level.

3. Ecosystem: All of the living and non-living things that interact in an area.

4. Levels of Organization https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mQ26klraKvU

5. An environment is characterized by the ABIOTIC and BIOTIC factors. SpeciesPopulationCommunity ECOSYSTEM

6. Biome: group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities. • Ecosystem: consists of living things and their environment.

7. Community: consists of populations of different species that live in the same area and interact together. • Population: organisms of the same species that live in the same area, interact with one another, and produce offspring.

8. Organisms (Species): are individual living things. This is the lowest level of organization that ecologists study. Biologists study organisms, organ systems, organs, tissues, cells, organelles, and molecules. Chemists study atoms and subatomic particles.

9. Organisms and the Environment • Organisms: life form consisting of one or more cells; has characteristics of life. • Environment includes both living (biotic) and nonliving things (abiotic).

10. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bJEToQ49Yjc Examples of Ecosystems • LakeRainforestSwampsDrop of water • DesertGrasslands OceanForest • TundraMountainsTaigaPond • SavannahRiver Coral reef

11. Environmental Factors (Refresh) Abiotic Factors Biotic Factors The living parts of an ecosystem. All of the non-living parts of an ecosystem Example: Example:

12. Producers – organisms that produce their own food and energy.

13. Consumers – organisms that get their food and energy by eating other organisms.

14. Decomposers – organism that gets their energy by breaking down the waste and remains of dead organisms into smaller molecules. Decomposers.asf

15. Habitat (Niche) The place where the organism lives and provides the things that the organism needs to survive Water Food S P A C E

16. What is a food chain? The flow of energy of one organism eating another organism Turn your energy pyramid into a food chain: Producer Consumer 2nd level Decomposer consumer Lion Bacteria Grass Zebras

18. What is a food web? The pattern of overlapping food chains in an ecosystem FOOD WEBS SHOW HOW MANY ANIMALS ARE INTERCONNECTED BY DIFFERENT PATHS. FOOD WEBS show how plants and animals are connected in many ways to help them all survive. FOOD CHAINS follow just one path as animals find food. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-oVavgmveyY

19. Energy Pyramids • An energy pyramid shows the amount of energy that moves from one trophic level to another in a food chain. • The most energy is available at the producer level of the pyramid. • The availability of energy decreases as it moves up the energy pyramid.

20. Who needs the most energy to survive?

21. The most energy is at the producer level – the base of the pyramid.

24. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T5XhbhqOL_c • Each level above only gets 10% of the energy from below • Ex: 10,000 J of producers (plants) only give 10% of energy to primary consumers • 1,000 J to primary consumers • 100 J to secondary consumers • 10 J to tertiary consumers • 1 J to quaternary consumers

25. ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS Ecological Pyramids: These are diagrams that represent each trophic level according to its ______ , _______ or _________. energy biomass population Total energy present in tertiary consumers. 1) Pyramid of Energy: Total energy present in secondary consumers. This pyramid indicates the amount of ______ that is present in each trophic level. energy Total energy present in primary consumers. The amount of energy always_________ as you move up trophic levels. decreases Total energy present in producers.

26. Ecological Pyramids: These are diagrams that represent each trophic level according to its ______ , _______ or _________. Energy Biomass Population 1) Pyramid of Energy: This pyramid indicates the amount of ______ that is present in each trophic level. energy The amount of energy always_________ as you move up trophic levels. decreases

27. Ecological Pyramids: These are diagrams that represent each energy biomass population trophic level according to its ______ , _______ or _________. 2) Pyramid of Biomass: Total biomass present in tertiary consumers. This pyramid indicates the amount of _______ that is present in each trophic level, in a given area. biomass Total biomass present in secondary consumers. Biomass is the amount of _________ (without water) within organisms. dry matter Total biomasspresent in primary consumers. On land, the amount of biomass _________ as you move up trophic levels. decreases Total biomass present in producers.

28. Ecological Pyramids: These are diagrams that represent each trophic level according to its ______ , _______ or _________. energy biomass population 2) Pyramid of Biomass: This pyramid indicates the amount of _______ that is present in each trophic level, in a given area. biomass Biomass is the amount of _________ (without water) within organisms. dry matter On land, the amount of biomass _________ as you move up trophic levels. decreases

29. Ecological Pyramids: These are diagrams that represent each trophic level according to its ______ , _______ or _________. energy biomass population 2) Pyramid of Biomass: Total biomass present in tertiary consumers. In the water, the amount of biomass ________ as you move up trophic levels, increases Total biomass present in secondary consumers. creating an _______ pyramid. inverted Total biomasspresent in primary consumers. This is only possible because the reproductive rate of the organisms ________ as you go down trophic levels. Total biomass present in phytoplankton. increases

30. 2) Pyramid of Biomass: In the water, the amount of biomass ________ as you move up trophic levels, increases creating an _______ pyramid. inverted This is only possible because the reproductive rate of the organisms ________ as you go down trophic levels. increases

31. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wGfOoRrICto 3) Pyramid of Numbers: Total population of tertiary consumers. This pyramid indicates the _________ of individuals at each trophic level. population The typical pyramid of numbers _________ as you move up trophic levels. Total population of secondary consumers. decreases This occurs when many _____ and _________ producers feed a ______ number of consumers. Total population of primary consumers. small numerous smaller Total population of producers.

32. Biodiversity

33. Biodiversity What does “Bio” mean? Life Bio =

34. Biodiversity What does “Diversity” mean? Diversity = Variety

35. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GK_vRtHJZu4 • Scientists have identified more than 1.4 million species. Tens of millions -- remain unknown • The tremendous variety of life on Earth is made possible by complex interactions among all living things including micro-oganisms. Biodiversity is the variety of life on Earth and the essential interdependence of all living things

36. There are 3 components of biodiversity • Diversity of genesChihuahuas, beagles, and rottweilers are all the same species —but they're not the same because there is variety in their genes. Beagle Chihuahua Rottweilers

37. 2. Diversity of number of species For example, monkeys, dragonflies, and meadow beauties are all different species. Saki Monkey Meadow Beauty Golden Skimmer

38. 3. Variety of ecosystems Lakes, Ponds, and Rivers are all Freshwater Ecosystems. Rocky coast, Sand Dune, Estuary, Salt Marsh , Coral Reef are all Marine Ecosystems.

39. Ecosystem Diversity Denver Baltimore San Francisco Las Vegas St. Louis Coastal mountain ranges Sierra Nevada Great American Desert Rocky Mountains Great Plains Mississippi River Valley Appalachian Mountains Coniferous forest Desert Coniferous forest Prairie grassland Deciduous forest Coastal chaparral and scrub Fig. 4-4, p. 81

40. What is a biome? • A biome is a group of land ecosystems with similar climates and organisms

41. There are 6 major land biomes and 2 major water ecosystems? LAND (6): RAINFORESTS, DESERTS, GRASSLANDS, DECIDOUS FORESTS, BOREAL FORESTS, & TUNDRA WATER (2): FRESHWATER & MARINE ECOSYSTEMS

42. An area’s biome is determined mostly by its climate (temperature and precipitation)

43. RAIN FORESTS • There are 2 main types of rain forests: Temperate Rain Forests and Tropical Rain Forests.

44. TEMPERATE RAIN FORESTS • “Temperate”= having moderate temperatures. • Northwestern coast of U.S. is a temperate rain forest. • Receives more than 300 cm of rain per year. • Huge trees: Cedars, Redwoods, Douglas Firs.

45. TROPICAL RAIN FORESTS • Found in regions close to the equator • Warm and humid all year long. • Lots of precipitation. • Diverse plant growth. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LHPuo0rwM1w

46. Trees in the rain forest form several layers… Canopy: A leafy roof formed by the tallest trees. Understory: A second layer of shorter trees and vines.

47. Understory plants grow well in the shade formed by the canopy, but the forest floor is nearly dark and only a few plants live there.

48. DESERTS • Desert = An area that receives less than 25 cm of rain per year. • Some deserts receive NO precipitation at all during one year. • Deserts often undergo large shifts in temperature during the course of a day. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xWM0hYyHDvQ

49. The scorching Namib desert in Africa cools rapidly after the sun goes down. The Gobi desert in central Asia is cooler and even experiences freezing temperatures in the winter.

50. Organisms that live in the desert must be adapted to the lack of rain and extreme temperatures. • Saguaro Cactus: Stem expands to store water. • Gila monster spends weeks in its cool, underground burrows. • Many other organisms are only active at night when it is cooler.