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Cell Structure & Function

Discover the key components and functions of cells, including the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Learn about organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, and understand the similarities and differences between plant and animal cells.

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Cell Structure & Function

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  1. Cell Structure & Function

  2. Cell Theory • All living things are made up of cells. • Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. • All cells are produced from other cells.

  3. Definition of Cell A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions.

  4. Two Types of Cells Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

  5. Prokaryotic“An organism whose cells lack a nucleus and some other cell structures.” • Do not have structures surrounded by membranes • Few internal structures • One-celled organisms, Bacteria

  6. Eukaryotic“An organism whose cells contain nuclei.” • Contain organelles surrounded by membranes • Most living organisms Plant Animal

  7. “Typical” Animal Cell

  8. “Typical” Plant Cell

  9. Cell Parts Organelles

  10. Cell Membrane • Outside cell boundaries that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell. • Double layer

  11. Cell Wall • A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms. • Supports & protects cells • Surrounds cell membrane

  12. Inside the Cell

  13. Nucleus • The control center of a eukaryotic cell that directs the cell’s activities and contains the information that determines the cell’s form and function. • Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane • Contains genetic material - DNA

  14. Nuclear Membrane • Surrounds nucleus • Made of two layers • Openings allow material to enter and leave nucleus

  15. Chromosomes • In nucleus • Made of DNA • Contain instructions for traits & characteristics • A doubled rod of condensed chromatin

  16. Nucleolus • Inside nucleus • Contains RNA to build proteins

  17. Cytoplasm • Gel-like mixture • Surrounded by cell membrane • Contains hereditary material

  18. Endoplasmic Reticulum • A cell structure that forms passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried through the cell. • Smooth type: lacks ribosomes • Rough type (pictured): ribosomes embedded in surface

  19. Ribosomes • Grain-like • Makes proteins • Some attach to endoplasmic reticulum; others float in the cytoplasm

  20. Mitochondria • Rod-shaped cell structures that convert energy in food molecules to energy the cell can use to carry out its functions. • Produces energy through chemical reactions – breaking down fats & carbohydrates • Controls level of water and other materials in cell • Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

  21. Golgi Bodies • Protein 'packaging plant‘ • Move materials within the cell • Move materials out of the cell

  22. Lysosome • Small, round structures containing chemicals that break down certain materials. • Digestive 'plant' for proteins, fats, and carbohydrates • Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal

  23. Vacuoles • Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal • Contains water solution • Help plants maintain shape

  24. Chloroplast • Usually found in plant cells • Contains green chlorophyll • Where photosynthesis takes place

  25. Compare and Contrast Plant and Animal Cells Animal Cells Plant Cells *Cell membrane *Cell Wall *Cytoplasm *Cell Membrane *Vacuoles *Cytoplasm *Nucleus *Vacuoles *Chloroplasts *Nucleus

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