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Cell Structure and Function Notes

Cell Structure and Function Notes. Organelles Means “little organs” Specialized mini organs inside of a cell. Cell Membrane Structure Double layer sheet called a lipid bilayer Flexible and strong Proteins and carbohydrates are embedded in the lipid bilayer Function

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Cell Structure and Function Notes

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  1. Cell Structure and Function Notes

  2. Organelles • Means “little organs” • Specialized mini organs inside of a cell

  3. Cell Membrane Structure • Double layer sheet called a lipid bilayer • Flexible and strong • Proteins and carbohydrates are embedded in the lipid bilayer Function • Regulates what enters and leaves the cell • Provides protection and support

  4. Cell Wall Structure • Outside of the cell membrane • Found in plants, algae, fungi and many prokaryotes • Pores in the cell wall allow for water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide to pass through • Made from fibers of carbohydrate and protein (plants = cellulose) Function • Provide support and protection for the cell

  5. Cytoplasm Structure • Jello-like substance mostly made of water • Portion of the cell outside of the nucleus that holds all the other organelles Function • To provide a medium for the other organelles

  6. Vacuoles Structure • Sac-like • In plants, there is a single vacuole that is very large in size Function • Stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates • Some unicellular organisms (ex. Paramecium) there is a contractile vacuole that pumps excess water out of the cell

  7. Ribosomes Structure • Small particles of RNA and protein • Made of two subunits • Found throughout the cytoplasm Function • Assemble/synthesize proteins

  8. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Structure • Folded membranes located outside of the nucleus • Ribosomes are studded on the surface giving the surface a “rough” texture Function • Proteins are assembled on the ribosomes then are inserted to the ER where they can be chemically modified • Proteins that are released (or exported) from the cell are synthesized on the ER

  9. Rough ER

  10. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Structure • Folded membranes without ribosomesstudding the surface giving it a “smooth” texture Function • Synthesize membrane lipids • Detoxification of drugs Example: Liver cells, which play a key role in detoxifying drugs, often contain large amounts of smooth ER.

  11. Golgi Apparatus Structure • Stack of closely apposed membranes • Near the cell’s membrane Function • Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the ER for storage in the cell or secretion outside of the cell

  12. Mitochondria Structure • Enclosed by two membranes- an outer and an inner membrane • The inner membrane is folded up inside the mitochondria • Mitochondria are inherited from the maternal side of your family • Contain their own DNA Function • Convert chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use • Food  ATP (energy!)

  13. Nucleus Structure • Surrounded by a nuclear envelope composed of two membranes Function • Contains nearly all of the cell’s DNA • DNA carries the instructions for making proteins and other important molecules • DNA condenses to form chromosomes

  14. Nucleolus Structure • Inside most nuclei • Small, dense region Function • Assembly of ribosomes begins here

  15. Nuclear Membrane Structure- • Nuclear envelope is dotted with thousands of pores Function- - Allows materials to move into and out of the nucleus (example: proteins, RNA)

  16. Lysosome Structure • Small organelle filled with enzymes Function • Digestion or breakdown of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins into small molecules the cell can use • Break down organelles that have outlived their usefulness

  17. Chloroplasts Structure • Surrounded by two membranes • Inside are stacks of other membranes that contain a green pigment called chlorophyll • Contain their own DNA Function • Capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis • Sun light (energy!)  Food!

  18. Cytoskeleton Structure • Network of protein filaments • Microtubules and microfilaments (protein filaments) • Microfilaments- threadlike and made of actin • Tough and flexible framework • Microtubules- hollow and made of tubulin (tubulin also forms centrioles in animal cells)

  19. Cytoskeleton Function • Helps the cell maintain shape • Microfilaments- allow for movement in organisms such as amoebas • Microtubules- maintains cell shape and important in cell division where they form the mitotic spindles that help separate chromosomes • Help build projections from the cell surface: cilia and flagella

  20. Centrioles Structure- • Made of tubulin • Found only in animal cells - The centrosome has two centrioles Function- - Used in cell division to form the spindles that help separate the replicated chromosomes

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