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THEORIES OF PERSONALITY

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY. Theories of Personality. Biological Psychoanalytic Social Psychoanalytic (NeoPsychoanalytic) Trait Cognitive Social-Learning Humanistic. BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE IN PERSONALITY. Biological Perspectives.

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THEORIES OF PERSONALITY

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  1. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY

  2. Theories of Personality • Biological • Psychoanalytic • Social Psychoanalytic (NeoPsychoanalytic) • Trait • Cognitive • Social-Learning • Humanistic

  3. BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE IN PERSONALITY

  4. Biological Perspectives • Theorists use biological processes in an attempt to fill in the gap between personality and genetics by inferring, theorizing and researching biological links with behavior.

  5. Biological Perspectives • Ernst Kretchmer (a physician, in 1925) proposed a correlation of mental disorder with the three body types: obese, muscular, thin.

  6. Biological Theories • Evolutionary theory • Biological processes

  7. Evolutionary perspective • Personality are inherited from parent genes passing the inherited characteristics

  8. Biological Theories: Biological Process • Biological processes is concerned with how these genes influence behavior through the various chemicals within the brain.

  9. Hormones & Personality • Uses endocrine system, rather than brain processes, to explain personality.

  10. Neurotransmitters and Personality • Examples of neurotransmitters that can influence personality includes Norepinephrine & serotonin

  11. Temperament: A biological influence Temperament: individual differences in (1) reactivity and (2) self-regulation have a long-lasting biological basis.

  12. Psychoanalytic Theory “conscious becoming aware of the unconscious…”

  13. Psychoanalytic … • Accepts the importance of early childhood experiences and the unconscious mind.

  14. Important theorists…… • Sigmund Freud • Carl Jung • Alfred Adler

  15. Classic Theory: Sigmund FreudPsychosexual • Basic tenets: • Constant struggles between desire to meet biological urge and realities of living. • Unconscious process influence behavior

  16. Sigmund FreudFather of the Psychoanalytic Theory • Born in Moravia, on May 6, 1856 • Lived 78 years practicing in Vienna, Austria and established a private practice for the treatment of nervous disorders.

  17. What is Psychoanalytic Theory?

  18. Freud’s View of a Person • Human organisms are selfish beings, existing in a state of external and internal turmoil. (displaying aggressive and sexual excesses) • Dominated by forces outside of conscious control.

  19. Determinism vs Choice • Biological determinism vs. Psychological determinism - Freud emphasized psychological rather than biological “consciousness knows nothing of. . . neurons.”

  20. Personality Structures • What lies beneath the surface of the unconscious mind?? • ID, • EGO, and • SUPEREGO

  21. TRAIT PERSPECTIVES

  22. Definition • What is TRAIT? • Traits serve three major functions: • To summarize, predict, and explain a person’s conduct

  23. Theorists • Gordon Allport (1897-1967) • Raymond B. Cattell (1905-1998) • Hans J. Eysenck (1916-1997)

  24. Allport’s Disposition Theory • Allport suggested that each individual has a unique set of personality traits/personal dispositions • Three categories of traits: • Cardinal, • Central, • Secondary

  25. Cattell’s Trait Theory • Three sources of data are required to uncover all the major dimensions of personality: • L-data • Q-data • T-data

  26. Hans J. Eysenck • Eysenck • extroversion-introversion • neuroticism-stability. • Focus on higher levels of trait organization called types:- • Types incorporate lower-level elements (traits) • Each trait incorporates even lower-order qualities (habits)

  27. Five Factor Model • Extraversion-introversion • Agreeableness-antagonism • Conscientiousness-undirectedness • Neuroticism-stability • Openness to experience

  28. Belief Regarding Basic Nature • Resulting from a biological basis & neuro-psychological functioning within the environment.

  29. Social Psychoanalytic Perspectives

  30. Moving away from Freud- Why? • Rejected the idea that the adult personality is formed from experiences in the first 5 or 6 years of life • Recognized social and cultural forces that shape individuals • Psychoanalytic theories emphasize the role of social forces in shaping personality.

  31. Neo-Analytic Theorists • Alfred Adler (1870-1937) • Carl Jung (1875-1961) • Erik Homburger Erikson (1902-1994) • Karen Horney (1885-1952)

  32. Alfred Adler • Reasons he broke from Freud in 1911 • Adler assumed that humans are motivated primarily by social urges

  33. Carl Jung • Reasons he broke from Freud in 1913 • Basic disagreement over the importance of sex drive • Tired of Freud’s concern with pathological side of human nature

  34. The Development of Personality • No formal stages of development • During childhood… • And a second puberty… • Individuation • Meyers-Briggs type indicator

  35. Erik Homburger Erikson • Retained Freud’s model of id, ego and superego with modifications • Described identity as… • Confusion about identity or Identity crisis

  36. Personality Development: • Trust vs. Mistrust • Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt • Initiative vs. guilt • Industry vs. Inferiority • identity vs. Role Confusion • Intimacy vs. Isolation • Generativity vs. Stagnation • Ego Integrity vs. Despair

  37. Karen Horney • Reasons she broke from Freud/Psychoanalytic Theory 1941 • Could not accept some of Freud’s views concerning women • Did not agree with Freud’s penis envy • More focused on social world and social motivations than Freudians

  38. Assets of Neo-Analytic Theory • Emphasizes the self • cope with emotions and drives on the inside and the demands of others on the outside • Emphasizes the importance of the positive and goal-oriented nature of humanity

  39. Behaviorism

  40. What is Behaviorism? • Understand behavior by focusing on the external contingencies of reinforcement (any consequence of an action that increases the probability of that action being executed again) and punishment (any consequence of an action that decreases the probability of its repetition)

  41. The Basics of Behaviorism (con’t) • Pavlov- • “ Clasical conditioning • Thorndike • "Law Of Effect." • Skinner • "Operant Conditioning“

  42. How can these rules of behavior, derived from the experiments with animals be applied to understanding human personality?

  43. Applying Behaviorism to Personality • Skinner - most of human behavior is driven by secondary reinforcers, such as money & social praise, which derive their value from primary reinforcers.

  44. Does Behaviorism explain personality? • HOW? • Albert Bandura  • self- representations • self-efficacy

  45. Social Learning(Social Cognition)Albert Bandura

  46. Social Cognitive Theory • Focus on • role of modeling on behavior as well as the role of social influences, expectations, and interpretations on behavior.

  47. Bandura’s Self-Efficacy – in personality development • Can a person’s self-efficacy be changed? • HOW?

  48. COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVES IN PERSONALITY

  49. COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE • Cognitive theory focused on the individual's thoughts as the determinate of his or her emotions and behaviors personality. 

  50. George Kelly: Pioneer in 1930s • Kelly criticized Psychoanalytic and behaviorism perspectives. • individual differences as a result of how we interpret and predict the events that affect us. 

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