Introduction to Classification & Ocean Life

1. Introduction to Classification & Ocean Life Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

2. Introduction • When you go shopping in the grocery store, similar items are often placed on the same aisle. Why? They are most often related to each other. • In science, classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities. • In this chapter you will learn how scientists classify living things. • You will also learn about the six kingdoms into which all living things are classified. Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

3. Taxonomy • Scientists classify the diverse number of organisms on the planet in order to learn and study from them. • Taxonomy is the field of biology that identifies (gives organisms a name) and classifies organisms based on shared characteristics. http://www.cartoonstock.com/newscartoons/cartoonists/cga/lowres/cgan893l.jpg Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

4. Binomial Nomenclature • Scientists give animals Latinnames during classifications which consists of two parts; the genus and species names put together. • They use Latin because it is universal (worldwide) and it is not widely spoken and, therefore, the meanings of the word are not likely to change. • Means “two-part naming” • EX Tyrannosaurus rex translates to “tyrant lizard” and “king.” Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

5. Rules for Binomial Nomenclature • Always written in Latin and in italics. • Genus name is written first and is capitalized. • Species name is written second and is NOT capitalized. • Correctly written scientific names • Homo sapien sapiens (modern man) • Felis domesticus (common housecat) Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

6. Purpose for Classification • A Latin name eliminates confusion caused by common name differences. • EX: crayfish, crawdad, mudbug are all common names for…. • Cambarus bartoni http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/People/Grad_Students/huifangq/food/HuifangCookings/edited/crawfish.jpg Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

7. Mountain lion, panther, cougar and puma are all common names for... • Felis concolor http://wdfw.wa.gov/wlm/game/cougar/graphics/cougar4.jpg Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

8. Purpose for Classification http://www.imagequest3d.com/stock/taxon/taxonomy_r2_c1.gif 2. Classification organizeslarge amounts of information into manageable levels. 3. Classification also reveals (or shows) evolutionary relationships between organisms. Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

9. Carl von Linne (Carolus Linnaeus) • Von Linne was the Swedish biologist who in the mid-1700’s developed the biological system of classification with 7 taxonomic levels (kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, & species). http://www.ub.uit.no/northernlights/images/linne06d.jpg Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

10. Modern Levels of Classification • Domain is the most recently added 8th taxonomic level, which is even more inclusive than a kingdom. • Video https://eapbiofield.wikispaces.com/file/view/classi6.jpg Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

11. Levels of Classification • Domain • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species http://ag.arizona.edu/pubs/garden/mg/entomology/images/p4large.gif Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

12. D = … K = … P = … C = … O = … F = … G = … S = … Directions: Create an mnemonic device to remember the levels of classification. Use the first letter for each level to create a poem or saying to remember the order. Mnemonic Device Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

13. Levels of Classification • Kingdom is the second level. (EX Plants or Animals) http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/139427_Five_Kingdoms.jpg • These organisms have similar characteristics such as: cell structure, level of specialization and method of obtaining nutrients. Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

14. Levels of Classification • Species is the LAST, most specific unit of classification where members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. http://jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/lab/TaxonomyLab.html Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

15. Dichotomous Key • Taxonomists have developed special guides called dichotomous keys to help to identify organisms. • A dichotomous key consists of several pairs of descriptive statements to help identify an unknown organism(s). http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/caer/ce/eek/critter/watercritter/images/keymap_template.gif Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

16. Review of Ecology - Energy Flow • All life depends on energy in order to function and survive. • The cells in your body are constantly using energy. • The source of all energy on Earth is the sun. Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg http://photography.nationalgeographic.com/photography/photos/pod-sunrises-sunsets/victoria-coast-sunset_pod_image.html; Photograph by R. Ian Lloyd

17. Producers/Autotrophs • Organisms that capture energy from sunlight are called autotrophs (they automatically make their own food); EX plants & bacteria • They are also called producers. • All other organisms somehow depend on the producers for food. Producers http://www.vtaide.com/png/foodchains.htm Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

18. Organisms that have to eat are called heterotrophs (or consumers). Types of consumers include: Herbivores – obtain energy by eating plants. (manatee) Carnivores – obtain energy by eating animals. (sharks) Omnivores– obtain energy by eating both plants and animals (humans, bears) Detritvore– obtain energy by eating dead plants & animals Decomposers– obtain energy by breaking down organic matter (bacteria, fungi) Consumers/Heterotrophs Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

19. Feeding Relationships Food chains show the pathway for the transfer of energy. A producer always starts a food chain. Arrows show where the energy goes (from the grass, to the grasshopper) Sketch the EX in your notes. Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg http://www.jenningsk12.net/WE/peimann/Science/FoodChains/food_chain.jpe

20. Food webs are the interconnected food chains in a community. They usually show more detailed relationships. Snakes eat how many types of organisms? (Follow Arrows) Many organisms in a food chain can eat more than one type of food. Many organisms are also food source for more than one organism. Feeding Relationships http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_28/40_07.GIF Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

21. Energy (Ecological) Pyramids • Energy pyramids show how energy moves through an ecosystem. • Producers are always at bottom (closest to the sun with the most energy). • Animals gain only a partial amount of energy from the food they eat – most is lost as heat. • In this example, tertiary consumers are at the top – they have the least amount of energy available in the system. Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg http://www.etap.org/demo/biology_files/lesson6/kep26.jpg

22. Earth’s Life http://www.biocentrum.dtu.dk/upload/institutter/bic/biocentrum/studievalg/his_archaea_fot3_380.jpg • Two domains contain all bacterial life (prokaryotes) on the planet (Domain Archaea and Domain Bacteria). • All of the organisms ‘ cells have a nucleus (eukaryotes) in Domain Eukarya. • This domain includes a variety of life forms in the kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

23. Kingdom Protista • Single and Multicellular Eukaryotes (nucleus & organelles) • Some autotrophs and some heterotrophs • EX: amoebas, algae, kelp http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20102/Bio%20102%20lectures/protists/amoeba_proteus_X_100.jpg http://www.dirtworks.net/Images/NeptunesHarvest/Kelp.jpg http://www.bioremediate.com/lyngbya.jpg Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

24. Kingdom Fungi • Molds, mildews, and mushrooms are examples of the kingdom Fungi. • Unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes with cell walls of chitin • Decomposing heterotrophs – they do not use photosynthesis to create food! http://www.shutterfreaks.com/albums2/album225/mushroom.jpg Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

25. Kingdom Plantae • Plants are complex multicellular eukaryotes that have cell walls and create their food using photosynthesis (thus the green color!). • Non-motile (do not move) • EX: mosses, ferns, flowering and cone-bearing plants http://byandlarge.net/scuttlebutt/images/neighbourhood/bird-of-paradise.jpg Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg

26. Kingdom Animalia • The kingdom Animalia contain multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophs. • At the microscopic level, animal cells are different because they do NOT have cell walls. • EX: sponges, jellyfish, worms, insects, animals http://www.mccullagh.org/db9/d30-20/jellyfish-7.jpg Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg