Goal 4: Unity and Diversity of Life

1. Goal 4: Unity and Diversity of Life

2. 4.01 Classification Taxonomy: science of classifying living things ARISTOTLE gave us our first system of classifying 2 Kingdoms – Plants and Animals Later…3 Kingdoms – Plants, Animals and Protists

3. Classification And until recently…there were 5 kingdoms: Plants, Animals, Protists, Fungi and Monera Today…we group living things into 6 kingdoms…all of the above…except MONERA (the bacteria) have been divided into 2 kingdoms: Eubacteria & Archaebacteria Why do the kingdoms keep changing? New technology & new information about living things cause us to have to adjust our groupings

4. Taxons of Classification Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species KINGS PLAY CHESS ON FAT GREEN STOOLS

5. Binomial Nomenclature Two name system of classification. Genus + Species Examples: Homo sapien (humans) Canisfamiliaris (domesticated dogs) Felisdomesticus (domesticated cats) Quercusalba (white oak)

6. Basis of Classification: • Evolutionary phylogeny (following descendents/ancestors) • DNA/biochemical analysis (the more similar DNA is b/w organisms; the more closely related they are) • Embryology (more similar embryonic stages; more closely related: for example: all vertebrates have a tail & gill slits as embryos) • Morphology (similarities in structural features)

7. Phylogenetic Trees Used to show relationships between organisms. Who evolved first. Which organisms are either very closely related or distantly related.

8. Phylogenetic Trees con’t Which phylum is the most closely related to the Chordata? Which phylum evolved first? Between Arthropoda, Annelida and Mollusca? Who evolved first? Echinodermata Porifera Mollusca

9. Biochemical Analysis Biochemical or DNA similarities help to demonstrate relatedness between organisms. (cytochrome C is a protein found in the mitochondria)

10. Embryology Similarities during embryological development can demonstrate how two organisms are related.

11. Morphology Similarities in the structure of these frog skulls ( 6 different species) show how closely they are related.

12. Cell Types Prokaryotes • No nucleus • No membrane bound organelles • Ribosomes • Cell membrane • Cell wall • Small & primitive • Circular DNA (one chromosome)

13. Cell Types con’t Eukaryotic • Nucleus (nuclear membrane) • DNA & chromosomes • Membrane bound organelles • Ribosomes • Cell membrane • Large & complex

14. Kingdom EUBACTERIA • Prokaryotic • No nucleus…but does have DNA • Unicellular • Heterotrophic (feed on other organisms; cause disease • E. coli; pneumonia & streptbacterias

15. Kingdom: ARCHAEBACTERIA • Prokaryotic • No nucleus…but does have DNA • Unicellular • Heterotrophic • Some autotrophic (chemosyntheis) • Live in HARSH environments: hot springs, thermal vents, no oxygen

16. Kingdom: PROTISTA Eukaryotic Unicellular Heterotrophic (Absorb nutrients) No complex organ systems Euglena Can be heterotrophic or autotrophic Paramecium

17. Kingdom Fungi Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophic (absorb nutrients) Nonmotile/sessile No complex organ systems Cell walls mushrooms Molds Mildews yeast

18. Kingdom Plantae • Eukaryotic • Multicellular • Autotrophic (photosynthesis) • Sessile/nonmotile • Chloroplasts and cell walls • Complex organ systems

19. Kingdom Animalia Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotophs (ingestion) Motile Complex organ systems

20. ALGAE: Where do they belong? • Eukaryotic • Unicellular & multicellular • Autotrophic (photosynthesis) • Non-motile • No true roots, stems, leaves • Some classify in PLANT kingdom; some classify in PROTIST kingdom VOLVOX SPIROGYRA

21. Using a Dichotomous Key Can you identify these birds using the dichotomous key? Bird W: Geospiza Bird X: Platyspiza Bird Y: Certhidea Bird Z: Camarhynchus

22. 4.02 Analyze essential life functions of specific representatives Transport: How organisms move food and wastes throughout their bodies. Excretion: How organisms get rid of their waste and balance their fluids. Regulation: How organisms control body processes – i.e. hormones and nervous system Respiration: How organisms exchange gases (O2 and CO2) with the environment

23. Con’t Nutrition: How organisms break down and absorb foods. Synthesis: How organisms build necessary molecules. Reproduction: Continuation of the species thru sexual or asexual reproduction. Growth and Development: getting bigger & maturing

24. Unicellular Protists Examples: Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena Transport, Excretion and Respiration: osmosis, diffusion, active transport Nutrition: food vacuoles Reproduction: mostly asexual, binary fission Regulation of response: eye spots Growth & Development: cell division

25. Annelid Worms

26. Annelid Worms Transport: five “hearts, dorsal and ventral blood vessel, closed system Excretion: nephridia, “kidney-like” structures found on every segment Regulation: dorsal “brain, ventral nerve cord Respiration: breath through their skin

27. Worms con’t Nutrition: crop (storage), gizzard (grinds), intestine (chemical digestion) Reproduction: worms are hermaphroditic, exchange sperm and lay eggs Development: from eggs

28. Insects

29. Insects Transport: open circulatory system Excretion: Malpighian tubules Regulation: hormones, nervous system, pheromones Respiration: spiracles & tubes called tracheae Nutrition: insects have a wide variety of mouth parts to eat a variety of foods

30. Insects con’t Reproduction: sexual (external); parthenogenesis Development: metamorphosis Incomplete: egg  nymph  adult Complete: egg  larva  pupa  adult

31. Amphibians

32. Amphibians Transport: closed circulatory system Excretion: kidneys/urinary bladder Regulation: hormones (control metamorphosis), nervous system Respiration: gills, lungs, skin Nutrition: larva (herbivores), adults (carnivores)

33. Amphibians con’t Reproduction: sexual, external fertilization Development: incomplete metamorphosis Egg  larva  adult

34. Mammalia

35. Mammalia Transport: closed circulatory system Excretion: kidneys Regulation: hormones, well developed nervous system (developed senses) Respiration: lungs Nutrition: digestive tracts vary according to what the animal eats

36. Mammalia con’t Reproduction: sexual with internal fertilization Development: Monotremes duck billed platypus and spiny anteater lay eggs Marsupials→partial placental; complete development outside mom’s body Placental → Most mammals have a well developed placenta (uterus); full development inside mom

37. Internal Development

38. PLANTS Respiration: gas exchange through diffusion Synthesis: carry out photosynthesis and make sugars and other macromolecules Classified based on their transport…reproduction…development

39. Non vascular plants

40. Non Vascular Plants Mosses and liverworts Transport: use osmosis and diffusion; no tubes Reproduction: spores Development: moss cycle between a sexual phase with egg and sperm and an asexual phase that makes spores

41. Non-Seed Vascular Plants Ferns Transport: vascular tissue: xylem & phloem (tubes) Reproduction: spores Development: alternation of generations; (sporophyte, produces asexual spores; gametophyte, produces egg/sperm)

42. Gymnosperms

43. Gymnosperms Means “naked seed”, includes the conifers (cone-bearing trees: pine, spruce, fir, hemlock) Transport: xylem and phloem Respiration: CO2, H2O and O2 move in and out of leaf through stomata Synthesis: photosynthesis

44. Gymnosperms Reproduction: sperm is now inside a pollen grain Pollination – sperm moves from male cones to female cones via wind Fertilization – sperm and egg unite on the female cone and produce seeds

45. Angiosperms

46. Angiosperms Flowering plants Transport: xylem and phloem Regulation: plant hormones like auxin, cause stems to bend Respiration: stomata Synthesis: photosynthesis Reproduction: pollination and fertilization

47. Angiosperms Pollination occurs through wind and pollinators like bees, hummingbirds and bats Seeds develop in an ovary that aids seed dispersal. Seeds have cotyledons (seed leaves) Ovary can become a fruit or some other structure that aids dispersal

48. Leaf Cross-Section

49. 4.03 Adaptations affecting survival and reproductive success Form And Function

50. Mosquitoes mouth is adapted to suck blood Snakes jaws unhinge to take in whole prey Feeding Adaptations