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ZIKA VIRAL INFECTION

ZIKA VIRAL INFECTION <br>A EMERGING PUBLICK HEALTH CONCERN

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ZIKA VIRAL INFECTION

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  1. ZIKA VIRUS INFECTIONemerging public health concern Dr.T.V.Rao MD Dr.T.V.Rao MD @ Rao's Microbiology on Facebook

  2. HISTORY OF ZIKA VIRUS • The virus was first isolated in April 1947 from a rhesus macaque monkey that had been placed in a cage in the Zika Forest of Uganda, near Lake Victoria, by the scientists of the Yellow Fever Research Institute. A second isolation from the mosquito A. africanus followed at the same site in January 1948. When the monkey developed a fever, researchers isolated from its serum a transmissible agent that was first described as Zika virus in 1952 Dr.T.V.Rao MD @ Rao's Microbiology on Facebook

  3. ZIKA VIRAL INFECTION IS ARBOVIRUS INFECTION • Zika virus (ZIKV) is a member of the Flaviviridae virus family and the Flavivirus genus, transmitted by daytime-active Aedes mosquitoes, such as A. aegypti Dr.T.V.Rao MD @ Rao's Microbiology on Facebook

  4. ZIKA VIRUS IS A RNA VIRUS • ZIKV is an RNA virus containing 10,794 nucleotides encoding 3,419 amino acids. It is closely related to Spondweni virus; the 2 viruses are the only members of their clade within the mosquito-borne cluster of flaviviruses . Studies in the Zika Forest suggested that ZIKV infection blunted the viremia caused by yellow fever virus in monkeys but did not block transmission of yellow fever virus . Dr.T.V.Rao MD @ Rao's Microbiology on Facebook

  5. Zika Virus Have Two Lineages • There are two lineages of Zika virus, the African lineage and the Asian lineage. Complete genome sequences of Zika viruses have been published. Recent preliminary findings from sequences in the public domain uncovered a possible change in non-structural protein 1 codon usage that may increase the viral replication rate in humans Dr.T.V.Rao MD @ Rao's Microbiology on Facebook

  6. Dr.T.V.Rao MD @ Rao's Microbiology on Facebook

  7. ZIKA FEVER KNOWN AS ZIKA DIESEASE • In humans, the virus causes a mild illness known as Zika fever, Zika, or Zika disease, which since the 1950s has been known to occur within a narrow equatorial belt from Africa to Asia. In 2014, the virus spread eastward across the Pacific Ocean to French Polynesia, then to Easter Island and in 2015 to Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, and South America, where the Zika outbreak has reached pandemic levels Dr.T.V.Rao MD @ Rao's Microbiology on Facebook

  8. Transmission of ZIKA Virus • Zika virus is transmitted to people through the bite of an infected mosquito from the Aedes genus, mainly Aedes aegypti in tropical regions. This is the same mosquito that transmits dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever. Dr.T.V.Rao MD @ Rao's Microbiology on Facebook

  9. Dr.T.V.Rao MD @ Rao's Microbiology on Facebook

  10. WHY HUMANS NOW INFECTED WITH ZIKA ? • The virus was identified almost 70 years ago, and so why did it suddenly begin to affect so many humans and why has it spread so fast? Well, scientists believe that these types of viruses can evolve very fast, and so Zika presumably evolved so that it could be transmitted by the mosquito Dr.T.V.Rao MD @ Rao's Microbiology on Facebook

  11. Transmission rarely from mother to child • A mother already infected with Zika virus near the time of delivery can pass on the virus to her new-born around the time of birth, but this is rare. • It is possible that Zika virus could be passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy. This mode of transmission is being investigated. • To date, there are no reports of infants getting Zika virus through breastfeeding. Because of the benefits of breastfeeding, mothers are encouraged to breastfeed even in areas where Zika virus is found Dr.T.V.Rao MD @ Rao's Microbiology on Facebook

  12. Through infected blood or sexual contact • Spread of the virus through blood transfusion and sexual contact have been reported. Dr.T.V.Rao MD @ Rao's Microbiology on Facebook

  13. Many Types of Mosquitos spread Zika viral infections • Zika virus is transmitted by daytime-active mosquitoes and has been isolated from a number of species in the genus Aedes, such as A. aegypti, and arboreal mosquitoes such as A. africanus, A. apicoargenteus, A. furcifer, A. hensilli, A. luteocephalus, and A. vitattus. Studies show that the extrinsic incubation period in mosquitoes is about 10 days Dr.T.V.Rao MD @ Rao's Microbiology on Facebook

  14. Zika Virus reported in Many Countries • Zika virus disease outbreaks were reported for the first time from the Pacific in 2007 and 2013 (Yap and French Polynesia, respectively), and in 2015 from the Americas (Brazil and Colombia) and Africa (Cape Verde). In addition, more than 13 countries in the Americas have reported sporadic Zika virus infections indicating rapid geographic expansion of Zika virus. Dr.T.V.Rao MD @ Rao's Microbiology on Facebook

  15. ZIKA VIRUS CROSS PLACENTA • Zika virus can migrate between humans through sexual contact and it can also cross the placenta, affecting an unborn fetus. A mother already infected with Zika virus near the time of delivery can pass on the virus to her new-born around the time of birth, but this is rare. Dr.T.V.Rao MD @ Rao's Microbiology on Facebook

  16. Key facts to Know • Zika virus disease is caused by a virus transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. • People with Zika virus disease usually have a mild fever, skin rash (exanthema) and conjunctivitis. These symptoms normally last for 2-7 days. • There is no specific treatment or vaccine currently available. • The best form of prevention is protection against mosquito bites. • The virus is known to circulate in Africa, the Americas, Asia and the Pacific. • Studies show that the extrinsic incubation period in mosquitoes is about 10 days Dr.T.V.Rao MD @ Rao's Microbiology on Facebook

  17. Who gets Zika virus infection? • Zika virus affects people that have travelled to affected tropical areas and have been bitten by a mosquito that carries the infection. It is estimated that only about one in five people carrying the virus actually develop symptoms from zika virus infection. • For current affected areas worldwide, see Zika-affected areas information on the US Center for Disease Control (CDC) website. New Zealand does not have the zika-virus carrying mosquitoes, and to date, zika virus infection has only been reported in people that have recently travelled to an affected area. During 2014–2016, these have included the Pacific Islands, South East Asia, Central and South American countries Dr.T.V.Rao MD @ Rao's Microbiology on Facebook

  18. What are the complications of zika virus? • Guillain-Barré syndrome • Guillain-Barré syndrome is a rare, rapid-onset form of paralysis. It is an autoimmune sydrome, and is often triggered by an infection a few days to weeks earlier. The first case of zika virus infection complicated by Guillain-Barré syndrome was reported from French Polynesia in March 2014, and others have occurred in Brazil. Death is rare. • For futher information about Guillain-Barré syndrome, see Guillain-Barré Syndrome Fact Sheet, NIH National Institute of Neurolo Dr.T.V.Rao MD @ Rao's Microbiology on Facebook

  19. Risk of Zika Virus still under scientific lens • The risk of zika virus infection damaging a fetus is unknown. • Brazil has reported an increase in birth defects in babies born during the recent zika virus epidemic, specifically: • Foetal microcephaly (small head) • Intracranial calcifications (calcium deposits in the brain) Dr.T.V.Rao MD @ Rao's Microbiology on Facebook

  20. Testing for Zika Virus • Pregnant mothers with suspected zika infection, or that have recently travelled to an infected zone, should see their doctor or midwife. They should undergo testing for zika virus . If infection is confirmed, Dr.T.V.Rao MD @ Rao's Microbiology on Facebook

  21. CDC Recommends • CDC recommends serial ultrasound examination to monitor foetal growth and anatomy and referral to a maternal foetal medicine or infectious disease specialist with expertise in pregnancy management. Amniocentesis may be considered after 15 weeks of gestation. Dr.T.V.Rao MD @ Rao's Microbiology on Facebook

  22. MICROCEPHALY A GREAT CONCERN Dr.T.V.Rao MD @ Rao's Microbiology on Facebook

  23. Raise of Zika Virus Dr.T.V.Rao MD @ Rao's Microbiology on Facebook

  24. Zika Virus Testing Considerations and Classification • The diagnosis of Zika virus infection is made through molecular and serologic testing . This includes reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for viral RNA, and immunoglobulin (Ig) M ELISA and plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) for Zika virus antibodies. Because it is currently not known which type of testing most reliably establishes the diagnosis of congenital infection, Dr.T.V.Rao MD @ Rao's Microbiology on Facebook

  25. CDC Recommends • CDC recommends both molecular and serologic testing of infants who are being evaluated for evidence of a congenital Zika virus infection . No commercial tests for Zika virus are available; Zika virus testing is performed at CDC and some state and territorial health departments. Health care providers should contact their state or territorial health department to facilitate testing Dr.T.V.Rao MD @ Rao's Microbiology on Facebook

  26. Interim Guidelines for the Evaluation and Testing of Infants with Possible Congenital Zika Virus Infection — United States, 2016 • Paediatric health care providers should work closely with obstetric providers to identify infants whose mothers were potentially infected with Zika virus during pregnancy (based on travel to or residence in an area with Zika virus transmission and review foetal ultrasounds and maternal testing for Zika virus infection . Dr.T.V.Rao MD @ Rao's Microbiology on Facebook

  27. Zika virus testing is recommended for • 1Infants with microcephaly or intracranial calcifications born to women who travelled to or resided in an area with Zika virus transmission while pregnant; or 2) infants born to mothers with positive or inconclusive test results for Zika virus infection. For infants with laboratory evidence of a possible congenital Zika virus infection, additional clinical evaluation and follow-up is recommended. Health care providers should contact their state or territorial health department to facilitate testing. As an arboviral disease, Zika virus disease is a nationally notifiable condition. Dr.T.V.Rao MD @ Rao's Microbiology on Facebook

  28. Management and Prevention of Congenital Zika Virus Infections • 1No specific antiviral treatment is available for Zika virus infections and no vaccine against Zika virus is available (2). Treatment of congenital Zika virus infection is supportive and should address specific medical and neurodevelopmental issues for the infant’s particular needs; investigations are ongoing to better understand what services will be most effective for these children as they grow . Dr.T.V.Rao MD @ Rao's Microbiology on Facebook

  29. Encouraged to Breast Feed • Mothers are encouraged to breastfeed infants even in areas where Zika virus is found, as available evidence indicates the benefits of breastfeeding outweigh any theoretical risks associated with Zika virus infection transmission through breast milk Dr.T.V.Rao MD @ Rao's Microbiology on Facebook

  30. Best way to prevent ZIKA VIRUS INFECTION • The only way to prevent congenital Zika virus infection is to prevent maternal infection, either by avoiding areas where Zika virus transmission is ongoing or strictly following steps to avoid mosquito bites . Mosquito-bite prevention includes using air conditioning or window and door screens when indoors, wearing long sleeves and pants, using permethrin-treated clothing and gear, and using insect repellents. When used according to the product label, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency-registered insect repellents are safe for pregnant women Dr.T.V.Rao MD @ Rao's Microbiology on Facebook

  31. Zika Virus on Notice • In May 2015, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) issued an alert regarding the first confirmed Zika virus infection in Brazil. The outbreak in Brazil led to reports of Guillain-Barré syndrome and pregnant women giving birth to babies with birth defects and poor pregnancy outcomes. Dr.T.V.Rao MD @ Rao's Microbiology on Facebook

  32. WHAT YOU SHOULD DO • Consequently, people should make every effort to eradicate mosquitoes from their living and working environment, and to avoid being bitten by mosquitoes. Emptying standing water from containers around your house that can become breeding grounds for mosquitoes, wearing mosquito repellents and long-sleeved shirts, and condom use for sexual intercourse are but some of the many efforts that individuals can undertake. Dr.T.V.Rao MD @ Rao's Microbiology on Facebook

  33. Is there a vaccine to prevent or medicine to treat Zika? • No. There is no vaccine to prevent infection or medicine to treat Zika. • Prevention is the only available option Dr.T.V.Rao MD @ Rao's Microbiology on Facebook

  34. Program Created with Many Resources and need to refer the current developments • CDC Centre for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta • NIH National Institute of Health USA • WHO World health organization resources Derrick Aarons MD, PhD is a consultant bioethicist/family physician, a specialist in ethical issues in medicine, the life sciences and research, and is the ethicist at the Caribbean Public Health Agency Dr.T.V.Rao MD @ Rao's Microbiology on Facebook

  35. Program Created by Dr.T.V.Rao MD for Public and Medical awareness on the Newly Emerging Infection ZIKA with potential to infect many in the Developed as well as Developing countries • Email • doctortvrao@gmail.com Dr.T.V.Rao MD @ Rao's Microbiology on Facebook

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