VIRAL INFECTION Nutritional Medicine Research UK

1. VIRAL INFECTION Nutritional Medicine Research UK

3. Mucus Layer Protects against viral infection Nutritional Medicine Research UK

9. The beauty of the mucus layer is its preventive protective potential, its galaxy of components, extraordinarily dynamic nature, and quite powerful potential for preservation and restoration of the integrity of so delicate structures of the alimentary and respiratory tract epithelium.

11. Viral Meningitis Nutritional Medicine Research UK

13. Viral meningoencephalitis (St. Louis encephalitis virus): In viral meningoencephalitis the virus invades the parenchyma of the central nervous system. Viral destruction of neural elements evokes a microglial response.

14. In this slide the clusters of small cells are almost entirely pleomorphic microglia (microglial nodules). Similar changes, varying in intensity, are seen in almost all forms of viral meningoencephalitis. Lymphocytic meningitis is usually also present.

17. There are three types of meningitis: bacterial, viral and fungal. According to the Mayo Clinic, the most common type of meningitis is viral. Meningitis can be transmitted in a number of different ways, according to the Centers for Disease Control. Some cases can be prevented with simple precautions. These include keeping up to date with vaccinations, washing hands frequently and not sharing items that may come into contact with bodily fluids.

18. Types of Meningitis: Fungal Fungal meningitis, like bacterial meningitis, is rare. According to the Mayo Clinic, fungal meningitis can occur in people with decreased immunity (such as those with HIV) and because of this can be potentially deadly if not treated quickly. Like the other forms of meningitis, fungal meningitis symptoms include headache and stiff neck. However, this form has a slower onset than both bacterial and viral meningitis, as it may take longer for the fungal infection to reach the brain. In addition to the other symptoms, fungal meningitis can cause confusion or changes in personality.

20. Warning Because the different types of meningitis have similar symptoms, any potential signs of the disease should be investigated immediately. While fungal and viral meningitis have a slower onset than the more deadly bacterial form of meningitis, all types of the disease can mimic each other. This is because regardless of the method of infection, the end result is the same: Swelling in the meninges causes the hallmark meningitis symptoms and can lead to further complications if not addressed immediately. According to the Centers for Disease Control, even non-fatal cases of meningitis can cause long-term disabilities.

21. Types of Meningitis: Bacterial According to the National Institutes of Health, bacterial meningitis is rare, but potentially deadly. It may begin as a cold-like infection, but as it enters the brain and spinal cord, it can progress rapidly into something far more serious. In fact, the Centers for Disease Control report this happens within three to seven days of exposure. In addition to the typical meningitis symptoms above, bacterial meningitis can also cause seizures or even a coma. Left untreated, bacterial meningitis can cause death.

22. Features of Meningitis The term meningitis refers to inflammation in the protective layers that surround the brain and spinal cord. All three types of meningitis (bacterial, viral and fungal) are caused by an infection that eventually enters those layers around the brain, which are called the meninges. According to the Mayo Clinic, the hallmark symptoms of all three types of meningitis are triggered by this inflammation, which causes a severe headache, fever and a stiff neck.

24. Types of Meningitis: Viral Viral meningitis, according to the National Institutes of Health, is the most common form of meningitis. The virus that causes this type of meningitis usually enters the body through the nose or the mouth, and from there eventually progresses to the brain. In addition to the usual meningitis symptoms, viral meningitis can also cause nausea, fatigue and sensitivity to light. Fortunately, the Centers for Disease Control report that most healthy people recover from viral meningitis within a week or two.

27. VIRAL STRUCTURE & INFECTION Nutritional Medicine Research UK

33. During the virus lifecycle it not only needs to enter and infect a cell but it also needs to leave the cell. The new virus particle is made from a number of structural proteins (known as gag xxx). During infection, the virus copies its RNA to DNA and integrates into the host DNA. This requires several RNA/DNA processing enzymes.

38. VIRAL AND BACTERIAL INFECTION Nutritional Medicine Research UK

39. What's the difference between a virus and bacteria? A virus is an infectious agent that can't live outside of a host cell. Viruses infect all types of organisms from plants, animals, to bacteria. Viruses are not made of cells but have a protein coat and genes in the form of RNA or DNA.

40. Viruses reproduce by injecting their DNA or RNA into the host cell and use the host cell's machinery to replicate their DNA or RNA. Bacteria are unicellular organisms that are normally on the order of 1-10 micrometers in diameter. They have a cell wall and reproduce by way of binary fission, a form of asexual reproduction. Unlike viruses, bacteria can live outside of a host cell and are present in every habitat on earth.

41. A bacterial culture can double in size every 10 minutes when given the appropriate nutrients. Bacteria can also produce dormant resistant structures called endospores. Endospores can be dormant for hundreds of years and begin reproducing if provided with the appropriate living conditions.

43. LUNG VIRAL INFECTION Nutritional Medicine Research UK