Mercury Monitoring at the SA Weather Service Lynwill G Martin (PhD) Senior Scientist Cape Point

1. Mercury Monitoring at the SA Weather Service Lynwill G Martin (PhD) Senior Scientist Cape Point Global Atmosphere Watch SA Weather Service (SAWS)

2. Cape Point Mercury Monitoring Program Outline of Talk 1. What is Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) 2. History of Cape Point Hg Program 3. Results 4. Involvement in International Monitoring Studies 5. Conclusions

3. Cape Point location, Location, LOCATION summer winter

4. Background & History During subsequent years, more measurement added: • Greenhouse gases – CO2(1992); CH4(1984)and N2O • Other trace gases – CO (1978); O3(1983); SF6 and 222Rn (1999) • Halo/Fluorocarbons: CFCl3, CCl4, CH3CCl3, CCl2F-CClF2 and CCl2F2 (1979) • Total Gaseous Mercury (1995) • Aerosol optical properties (AOD) (2008) • Solar radiation – (UVA, UVB, Global, Total & Diffuse) • Met parameters: Wind, Pressure, Temperature, Relative humidity, Rainfall (early 90’s) • Regional Dobson - Irene (1989) & Springbok (1995) • Approx. 9 co-operative ventures (national & international)

5. Background & History • First measurement made in 1978 - Carbon monoxide (CO) • As collaboration with Max Planck Institute, Germany Reduction Gas Analyzer discontinued in Dec 2015

6. Some Cape Point results: CFCs advantage of Montreal Protocol 1989 CPT: CFCs Global: CFCs ALL CFC’s Banned from 1996

7. Cape Point GAW Station

8. WHY MERCURY???

9. Br O3 OH GEM (Gaseous Elemental Mercury) GOM (Gaseous Oxidized Mercury) PBM (Particulate Bound Mercury) Atmospheric Chemistry of Hg

10. First Results of CPT Hg Program published in 2002 Article cited more than 150 times

11. Cape Point Mercury Monitoring Manual Technique • CPT GAW Station is suited for long term monitoring of background trends in SH • CPT is representative for the Southern Atlantic Ocean • GEM trends in SH similar to that observed in NH but 6-12 month lag (Mt. Wank Comparison) • Continued measurements at CPT will provide information on the North-South distribution of natural and anthropogenic Hg emissions

12. Current Status of CPT GEM Background Concentrations

13. CPT Latest Hg Publication APRIL 2018

14. Outputs of CPT Hg Monitoring Programme • Hons Project 2005 LG Martin, Stellenbosch University • 2x MSc- PGL Baker 1999 • LG Martin 2007, Mercury in Coal (Funded by ESKOM) • 1x PhD A Venter 2016 North West University (Funded by SASOL) • ± 20 Hg Publications since 2002. • Several Oral and Poster presentations at SASAS, NACA, ICMGP and ICHMET. • CPT Hg data set the longest Hg data set in the SH and 2nd longest in the World.

15. Mercury Research in SA Pacyna et al. (2003). Atmospheric Environment, 37 S1: S109–S117. Pacyna et al. (2006). Atmospheric Environment, 40: 4048–4063. Hg emission for Southern Africa 257 t GEM yr−1 South Africa the 2nd Highest Hg polluter in the WORLD after China

16. Mercury emissions estimates in South Africa using CPT Data • The total emission of elemental mercury of 20 t GEM yr−1was derived from GEM/CH4, GEM/CO2, and GEM/CO emission ratios in 2007–2009. • Emissions calculated were close to the current mercury inventories calculated by Leaner et al. (2009) 40 t Hg yr−1 for 2004 and by Masekoameng et al. (2010) 50 t Hg yr−1for 2006. • Our study conducted supports the work of Dabrowski et al. (2008), Leaner et al. (2009), and Masekoameng et al. (2010) that gold production does not contribute substantially to mercury emissions in South Africa. (Cyanide Tech.) • Our observation and estimates of GEM clearly disprove the existence of the high mercury emissions postulated by older emission inventories for Southern Africa 257 t GEM yr−1

17. Mercury in Rainwater SAWS & CSIR (2007-ongoing) • Observed a positive correlation between GEM vsTotHg. • Positive correlation between GEM vsTotHg indicates that both are a function of Hg emissions. Clear Influence of El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on GEM

18. Importance of CPT GAW Site by involvement in GMOS Cape Point became a Partner of the Global Mercury Observation System (GMOS) GOAL: ESTABLISH Global observation System for Mercury FP7 Funded Project EU Nov 2010 – Oct 2015 Budget of 6.8 Million Euros CPT received 120 000 Euros

19. GMOS: Major Achievements

20. GMOS: Major Achievements is currently taken as ca. 1.5 to 1.7 ng m-3 in the Northern Hemisphere and ca. 1.05 to 1.25 ng m-3 in the Southern Hemisphere *refers to the average sea-level atmospheric Hg(0) at remote sites

21. SAWS involvement in UNEP and GEF Projects (2016-2018)

22. Elements to consider when designing a monitoring plan on the presence of mercury in air

23. Project Results • GEM mean values comparison between analytical instruments and PAS’s: • PAS valuesresultwithin SD of instrumental data • PAS could give info when electrical troubles happened on the equipment. • PAS Cheap and relaible to monitor Hg in Air can easy be deploy in remote locations

24. Possible support to Minamata Convention - Linkages between F&T scientific activity and policy- Assessment & Management Relevant articles Info exchange, technical assistance, public awareness Assessment of effectiveness Slide courtesy of Nicola Pironne CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it PAG 7, Jordan

25. Conclusions • With support from government the CPT GAW Site can be a key stakeholder supporting SA to become a partner of the MC (Art 22.) • Expand the Hg monitoring Network in SA to have a better understanding of local vs long range transport of Hg easier to identify hotspot Areas. • SA can play a leading role in the SADC regions for capacity building and skills transfer for Hg monitoring. • CPT GAW Mercury Data Set of high value for SA and the Global Mercury community.

26. Partners on Cape Point Hg Program • CSIR-Stellenbosch • North West, UCT, UP, WITS, UWC, CPUT • MIT • Harvard • University of Wollongong (Aus) • University Grenoble/Toulouse (France) • CNR- Italy

27. Thank You !