Architecture Post and Lintel Arches Domes Cast-iron Construction Frame Construction

1. Architecture • Post and Lintel • Arches • Domes • Cast-iron Construction • Frame Construction • Steel-and-Reinforced-Concrete Construction

2. Technology • The materials and methods available to a given culture. • The basic technological challenge faced by architecture: • Construct upright walls • Put a roof over the empty space they enclose Key Terms Skeleton-and-skin~ consists of an interior frame, the skeleton, that supports the more fragile outer covering of the building, the skin. Shell system~ one basic material provides the structural support and the outside covering of a building. Tensile Strength~ the ability of a building material to span horizontal distances without support and without buckling in the middle.

3. Technology Continued Load-bearing This is the simplest method of making a building, in which the walls themselves bear the weight of the roof. Can be done stacking materials such as stones, bricks, mud and straw The ziggurat is an example of load-bearing construction.

7. Mortise and Tenon

11. The Greek Orders

12. Doric Corinthian

13. Ionic

16. Pediment

17. Arches The Romans revolutionized the use of the arch, which allowed them to make structures much larger then at all possible by the construction of post-and-lintel. The arch is constructed by using wedge-shaped stones called voussoirs which are cut into semicircular form and then is stabilized by the keystone which is the stone at the very top. This exerts equal pressure on every stone. There are two types of arch construction: barrel and groined vaults. ~Barrel is a continuous row of arches one behind the other. ~Groined vaults are two barrel vaults meeting at right angles.

27. Domes Domes take the shape of hemispheres, sometimes defined as a continuous arch rotated 360 degrees on its axis.

32. Romanesque and Gothic Architecture • Key Terms: • Springing • Crossing • Transepts • Apse • Pointed Arch • Flying Buttresses

35. Gothic Style Construction: Arches, Nave, Buttress Diagrams

36. Notre-Dame, Paris

39. Cast –iron, Frame, Steel-and-Reinforced-Concrete Richardson: skeletal iron framework to support interior structure, but thick walls carry their own weight Sullivan: fireproof steel skeletal frame suggested by wood-frame construction, therefore freeing the all of load-bearing Wright: used the cantilever construction which was the use of a horizontal form supported on one end and jutting out into space on the other A rigid, strong construction material made by adding carbon to iron. Wood-frame is a true skeleton-and-skin building method, commonly used in domestic architecture to the present. Truss is a triangular framework that, because of its rigidity, can span much wider areas than a single wooden beam.

42. Steel-and-Reinforced Construction Continued The International Style was founded by Le Corbusier. It is a 20th century style of architecture and design marked by its austere geometric simplicity. Builders who used this type of construction included Henry Hobson Richardson, Louis H. Sullivan, Frank Lloyd Wright, Le Corbusier, Jeanneret, Ludvig Mies van der Rohe, and Philip Johnson. Frank Lloyd Wright also used the cantilever method which was the use of a horizontal form supported on one end and jutting out into space on the other; this was possible because of the steel-and-reinforced-concrete construction techniques.