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UNDERSTANDING DESCRIPTION AND CORRELATION

UNDERSTANDING DESCRIPTION AND CORRELATION. SCALES OF MEASUREMENT: A REVIEW. Nominal No numerical, quantitative properties Levels represent different categories or groups Ordinal – minimal quantitative distinctions Order the levels from lowest to highest Interval – quantitative properties

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UNDERSTANDING DESCRIPTION AND CORRELATION

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  1. UNDERSTANDING DESCRIPTION AND CORRELATION

  2. SCALES OF MEASUREMENT: A REVIEW • Nominal • No numerical, quantitative properties • Levels represent different categories or groups • Ordinal – minimal quantitative distinctions • Order the levels from lowest to highest • Interval – quantitative properties • Intervals between levels are equal in size • Can be summarized using means • No absolute zero • Ratio – detailed quantitative properties • Equal intervals • Absolute zero • Can be summarized using mean

  3. ANALYZING THE RESULTS OF RESEARCH INVESTIGATIONS • Three basic ways of describing the results: 1. Comparing Group Percentage 2. Correlating Individual Scores 3. Comparing Group Means

  4. ANALYZING THE RESULTS OF RESEARCH INVESTIGATIONS • Comparing Group Means Treatment group Waitlist group 4 7 3 8 6 5 2 6 5 9 . S= 20 S= 35 M= 4 M= 7

  5. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS • Graphing Frequency Distributions • Pie charts • Bar graphs • Frequency polygons • Histograms

  6. PIE CHART

  7. BAR GRAPH

  8. FREQUENCY POLYGONS

  9. Histogram 5 4 Model group Frequency 3 2 1 3 4 5 6 7 Scores on Aggressive Measure

  10. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS • Central Tendency • Mean (X) • Found by adding all the scores and dividing by the number of scores • Indicates central tendency with interval or ratio scales • Median (Mdn) • Score that divides the group in half (with 50% scoring below and 50% scoring above the median) • Indicates central tendency with ordinal, interval, and ratio scales • Mode • Most frequent score • Indicates central tendency with all scales including nominal scales

  11. MEAN

  12. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS • Variability – the amount of spread in the distribution of scores • Standard deviation = (s) (SD) in reports • Square root of the variance • Range • Difference between highest and lowest score • Variance (s²)

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