Unit 4

1. Unit 4 Language and Economy

2. Content BOOK 4 Unit 4 Presentation Detailed Study Consolidation Writing Assignment Experiencing English

3. BOOK 4 Unit 4 Do you know ... Presentation A stepping-stone to a better job or college Why do many people think learning more than one language gives one an advantage over others? Experiencing English

4. Presentation BOOK 4 Unit 4 Did you know that studying a second language can improve your skills and grades in math and language and can improve entrance exam scores? Research has shown that math and verbal SAT scores climb higher with each additional year of foreign language study, which means that the longer you study a foreign language, the stronger your skills become to succeed in school. Studying a foreign language can improve your analytic and interpretive capacities. And three years of language study on your record will catch the eye of anyone reading your job or college application. A stepping-stone to a better job or college Experiencing English

5. Presentation BOOK 4 Unit 4 Why do many people think learning more than one language gives one an advantage over others? More and more businesses work closely with companies in other countries. They need many different kinds of workers who can communicate in different languages and understand other cultures. No matter what career you choose, if you’ve learned a second language, you’ll have a real advantage. A technician who knows Russian or German, the head of a company who knows Japanese or Spanish, or a salesperson who knows French or Chinese can work successfully with many more people and in many more places than someone who knows only one language. Experiencing English

6. Presentation BOOK 4 Unit 4 Why do many people think learning more than one language gives one an advantage over others? Professionals who know other languages are called on to travel and exchange information with people in other countries throughout their careers. Knowing more than one language enhances opportunities in government, business, medicine and health care, law enforcement, teaching, technology, the military, communications, industry, social service, and marketing. An employer will see you as a bridge to new clients or customers if you know a second language. Experiencing English

7. BOOK 4 Unit 4 Presentation 1. The benefits you get from a good knowledge of other cultures 2. The new ways of language learning 3. The better ways to continue your language study after leaving school Experiencing English

8. BOOK 4 Unit 4 Presentation The benefits you get from a good knowledge of other cultures Discover new worlds! Get an insider's view of another culture and a new view of your own. Connect with other cultures. Knowledge of other cultures will help you expand your personal horizons and become a responsible citizen. Your ability to talk to other and gather information beyond the world of English will contribute to your community and your country. Experiencing English

9. BOOK 4 Unit 4 What can you expect? You will learn a second language in exciting new ways using technology and focusing on communication (speaking). Learning a language is not just learning grammar and vocabulary. It is learning new sounds, expressions, and ways of seeing things; it is learning how to function in another culture, how to know a new community form the inside out. Presentation The new ways of language learning Experiencing English

10. BOOK 4 Unit 4 Presentation The new ways of language learning How much can you learn? Depending on how long you study, you can gain different levels of fluency. You will probably not sound like a native speaker. Don’t worry; you’ve not expected to. To a greater or lesser degree you will, however, be understood, get where you want to go, read magazines or books for information or pleasure, and meet and talk with a whole new group of people. You can’t imagine what a great experience that is. Of course, it doesn't happen overnight. Like math, English, or other subjects, language learning takes time. Experiencing English

11. BOOK 4 Unit 4 Presentation The better ways to continue your language study after leaving school Yes! Don’t waste your investment of time and effort; whatever you have learned is a foundation for further study. Stick with it. Use your second language on the job, seek out opportunities to use it in your community, or, in college, take more courses, study abroad at intercession or for a summer, a semester, or a year. Some programs teach languages in conjunction with engineering, business, nursing, or journalism. And you might decide to start still another language — when you study language, you lean about how to learn languages, so learning the next one is easier. Experiencing English

12. BOOK 4 Unit 4 Detailed Study ——Words and phrases keep upv. — maintain; continue • Examples • Nowadays, houses are becoming too expensive for us young people to keep up. • Let’s hope the sunny and mild weather will keep up for Saturday’s spring outing. Experiencing English

13. BOOK 4 Unit 4 Detailed Study ——Words and phrases superiora. — to sb/sth — better than average • Examples • Linda is a girl of superior intelligence. • This cloth made in our factory is superior to that made in your factory. Experiencing English

14. BOOK 4 Unit 4 Detailed Study ——Words and phrases In the name of the high ideal of linguistic equality a time-consuming, expensive and increasingly intractable translation machinery is maintained that is doing its best to translate the illusion of equality into illusions of multilingualism and translatability. in the name of —1) for the sake of; 2). on behalf of sb/sth. 3) by the authority of sth • Examples • They helped us in the name of friendship. • The monitor presented the flowers to the teacher in the name of all the students of the class. • The police arrested the murderer in the name of law. Experiencing English

15. BOOK 4 Unit 4 Detailed Study ——Words and phrases countv. — be of value or importance • Examples • It is not how much you read but what you read that really counts. • The doctor’s judgments count because of his experience. Experiencing English

16. BOOK 4 Unit 4 Detailed Study ——Words and phrases set sb/sth apart (from sb/sth) — make sb/sth different from or superior to others • Examples • Linda’s clear and elegant prose sets her apart from most other writers. • It is his diligence that sets him apart from other journalists.

17. BOOK 4 Unit 4 Detailed Study ——Words and phrases instead of — as an alternative or replacement to (sb/sth) • Examples • We often play cards instead of watching television on Saturday evening. • Instead of Linda, it was Mary who broke the glasses of the old lady. Experiencing English

18. BOOK 4 Unit 4 Detailed Study ——Words and phrases to a large extent — to a large degree to (some, what, such an, a certain, etc) extent — to the degree specified • Examples • English may be owned by all Europeans to a large extent. • To what extent can Mary be believed? • The clothes were stained, to such an extent that we couldn’t tell its original color. Experiencing English

19. BOOK 4 Unit 4 Detailed Study ——Words and phrases multiplicity : a multiplicity of sth: large number or great variety of things diversity: [U, sing] state of being varied, variety variety: quality of not being the same, or not being the same at all times • Examples • We live a life full of change and variety. • A computer has a multiplicity of uses . • People have a wide diversity of opinions on the intellectual property protection laws.

20. BOOK 4 Unit 4 Detailed Study ——Words and phrases invalidatev. — make sth invalid • Examples • The fact invalidates any claim he may make on the property. • It was this faulty logic that invalidated her argument. Experiencing English

21. BOOK 4 Unit 4 Detailed Study ——Words and phrases otherwiseconj. — if not, or else • Examples • We’d better leave now, otherwise we’ll be late. • Do as you are told, otherwise you will be dismissed. Experiencing English

22. BOOK 4 Unit 4 Detailed Study ——Words and phrases identitywho or what sb/sth is identifyshow or prove who or what sb/sth is identificationidentifying identicalthe same; exactly alike • Examples • The check will be cashed on proof of identity. • She can’t identify the attacker among these men. • The identification of the accident victims was not an easy task. • The twins are wearing identical clothes. Experiencing English

23. BOOK 4 Unit 4 Detailed Study ——Words and phrases work outv. — find the answer to sth; solve sth • Examples • I worked out that he must be a policeman. • I couldn’t work out what her motives might be. Experiencing English

24. BOOK 4 Unit 4 Detailed Study ——Words and phrases uphold v. — support (a decision, etc) against attack • Examples • Every citizen should uphold the law. • As a Chinese, you should uphold those good ancient traditions. Experiencing English

25. BOOK 4 Unit 4 Detailed Study ——Paraphrases The language policy in the European Union is both ineffective and hypocritical, and its ideas of linguistic equality and multilingualism are costly and cumbersome illusions. Paraphrase The language policy in the European Union is inefficient and unrealistic. That is to say, making all the languages equal and keeping different languages in an equal state in European Union is costly if not impossible. Experiencing English

26. BOOK 4 Unit 4 Detailed Study ——Paraphrases Powerful translators’ lobbies fight for their raison d'etre. Paraphrase The translators want to translate a variety of languages to make a living. Here, raison d'etre is a French word, which means reason for or justification of sb’s/sth’s existence. Experiencing English

27. BOOK 4 Unit 4 Detailed Study ——Paraphrases In the name of the high ideal of linguistic equality a time-consuming, expensive and increasingly intractable translation machinery is maintained that is doing its best to translate the illusion of equality into illusions of multilingualism and translatability. Paraphrase For keeping the cumbersome illusion of making all the languages equal, some huge translation machinery is maintained to translate the various languages, which costs a lot of time and money. Experiencing English

28. BOOK 4 Unit 4 Detailed Study ——Paraphrases English is no longer “owned” by its native speakers because acculturation and nativisation processes have produced a remarkable diversification of the English language into many non-native varieties. Paraphrase English is no longer only spoken by its native speakers because cultural exchange has brought about a variety of Englishes spoken by non-native speakers of different mother tongues. Experiencing English

29. BOOK 4 Unit 4 Consolidation Answer the following questions with the information you obtain from the passage. • What does the author think of English as a lingua franca • for the smooth functioning of the EU institutions? Reference According to the author, for a smooth functioning of the EU institutions, the use of English as a lingua franca would be infinitely better. Experiencing English

30. BOOK 4 Unit 4 Consolidation Answer the following questions with the information you obtain from the passage. • What does the author mean by saying “the supposed • linguistic equality in the EU is a relative one”? Reference There is no absolute equality in linguistic communication. Some languages are more widely used than others, and minority languages inside the member states are much less important as a medium of communication. Experiencing English

31. BOOK 4 Unit 4 Consolidation Answer the following questions with the information you obtain from the passage. • According to the author, why is English • particularly suitable as Europe’s lingua franca ? Reference Because English is flexible in its function and spread across the world, and because it is already “de-nativised” to a large extent and it also has a great potential for promoting international understanding. Experiencing English

32. BOOK 4 Unit 4 Consolidation Answer the following questions with the information you obtain from the passage. • Why does the author say that English as a lingua franca • is not a “language for identification” ? Reference Because English as a lingua franca is nothing more than a tool of communication and it doesn’t carry cultural identity. Experiencing English

33. BOOK 4 Unit 4 Consolidation Answer the following questions with the information you obtain from the passage. • What’s the author’s conclusion about English as • a lingua franca? Reference English should be used as a lingua franca in Europe simply because it may be “owned” by all Europeans — not as a cultural symbol, but as a means of enabling understanding. Experiencing English

34. BOOK 4 Unit 4 Writing Describing Sizes and Shapes To tell someone how something looks, smells, feels, acts, tastes, sounds, we have to depend on five physical senses (sight, hearing, smell, touch, taste) as well as our emotions (how something makes us feel) because we need to mention its size, shape, color, texture, smell, taste, and even use. The main purpose of describing something is to help the reader visualize whatever is being described, even if we are describing something we can’t really see, like an emotion. But emphasis should be placed on only one aspect of the object at a time, probably its most important characteristic. Experiencing English

35. BOOK 4 Unit 4 Writing Write a few paragraphs describing the sizes and shapes of the structures in the pictures and also the similarities and differences between structures of the same kind. Sample Experiencing English Exercises

36. BOOK 4 Unit 4 Writing Of the various currencies in ancient China, the round bronze coin with square hole in the center was by far the most common. The earliest coins in this form were a product of China’s first centralized kingdom, the Qin dynasty, established by Qin Shi Huang in 221 B. C. Experiencing English

37. BOOK 4 Unit 4 Writing An egg is small, oval and lightweight. It is small enough to fit into the palm of a person’s hand. Experiencing English

38. Writing BOOK 4 Unit 4 Shanghai Yangpu Bridge: —built in 1993 — second bridge across Huangpu River — the main bridge: 7658 meters long, 30.35 meters wide — 6 driveways — double towers — the main bridge tower in inverted “Y” shape: 208 meters high — the sightseeing elevator to the main bridge from the ground for visitors Wuhan Yangtze Bridge: — built in 1957 — first bridge across the Yangtze River — 1670 meters long, 14.5 meters wide — two layers — the upper layer (18 meters wide, 4 lanes) for highway — the lower layer for railway — the sightseeing elevator to the upper floor from the ground floor for visitors Reference Experiencing English

39. Writing BOOK 4 Unit 4 Comparison of two bridges The Shanghai Yangpu Bridge and the Wuhan Yangtze Bridge are both important bridges in China, yet they differ in size, design and age. The Yangpu Bridge is a relatively new construction, completed in 1993 as the second bridge across the Huangpu River. The Wuhan Yangtze Bridge is much older. Built in 1957, it was the first bridge to be built across the Yangtze River. The Yangpu Bridge is much larger in grander in its design. Spanning 7658 metres, and measuring 30.35 meters wide, its main bridge tower reaches the peak of its inverted “Y” shape 208 metres above sea level. The Wuhan Yangtze Bridge, measuring 1670 metres long and 14.5 metres wide is comparatively small. However, it has the added design feature of a double layer, accommodating road traffic on the upper layer and railway on the lower layer. Experiencing English

40. BOOK 4 Unit 4 Assignment Imagine that you wish to apply for the job advertised below. You have the right qualifications and experience, and these are on your CV. Write a letter of application to accompany your CV, emphasizing your personal qualities and suitability for this position. Requires a BA (or equivalent) in Marketing or Finance and 3 years’ international marketing/sales experience in publishing or management development. An MBA, experience in start up ventures, and the ability to adapt to different cultures preferred. English and one other European language essential. Overseas travel is required. The post is based in Paris. Reference Experiencing English

41. BOOK 4 Dear Sir or Madam: I would like to be considered as an applicant for the post of director which was advertised in European Management Daily dated August 10,2002. I am male and I am now 35. I have a Master’s Degree in Business Administration. I worked in a large company for 5 years before entering Chongqing University last year to study for a doctor’s degree. Therefore I have accumulated quite a lot of experience in international marketing and sales management. I am outgoing and sociable and I am familiar with many strategies for delivering current products into new international markets. In addition, I am creative and innovative in thinking and I’m sure that will help me to determine the profitability and feasibility of new products. Furthermore, I am honest, intelligent and cooperative, yet I am independent. Apart from Unit 4 College of Business Administration Chongqing University Chongqing, 400044 China Tel: (023) 68000100 E-mail:lmcqfec@163.com August 16, 2002 Assignment Experiencing English

42. BOOK 4 Unit 4 Assignment these traits, I am proficient in English, I can communicate in English fluently both orally and in writing. I am also a computer expert too. That means I am well qualified to deal with international business transactions electronically. I’m sure that I’m the person you are looking for. Thank you in advance for your time and consideration. You can reach me at the above telephone number or email address. I’m looking forward to hearing from you. Yours faithfully, Li Ming Experiencing English