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Protozoa

Protozoa. Chapter 26. Characteristics of Protists. Have nucleus i.e. eukaryote Lack tissue differentiation Unicellular Move independently Ocean, fresh water, crawl in soil (some water) Heterotrophic Food vacuoles break down particles Both free-living and parasitic

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Protozoa

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  1. Protozoa Chapter 26

  2. Characteristics of Protists • Have nucleus i.e. eukaryote • Lack tissue differentiation • Unicellular • Move independently • Ocean, fresh water, crawl in soil (some water) • Heterotrophic • Food vacuoles break down particles • Both free-living and parasitic • Zooplankton - Primary source of energy for organisms in ecosystem

  3. Reproduction • Asexually • binary fission – produce one identical organisms • multiple fission – produce several identical organisms • Sexually – conjugation

  4. Binary fission

  5. Multiple fission

  6. Conjugation • Paramecia pair up • Macronuclei disntegrate & micronuclei undergo meiosis • All but one micronuclei disintegrates. It undergoes mitosis. • Each paramecium exchange 1 micronuclei • Micronuclei fuse • Paramecia separate and marconucleus re-form

  7. Adaptations • Eyespot – localized region of pigment that detects light variations in the environment • Cyst – a hardened external covering that stops all metabolic activity when organism is outside of host to survive in harsh environments • e.g. nutrient deficient, drought, decrease oxygen, or pH/temp changes

  8. 4 phyla – named for type of movement (locomotion) 1. Ciliophora • Ciliates 2. Sporazoa • sporozoans Plasmodium Zoothamnium

  9. phyla cont’ 4. Sarcodina • sarcodines 3. Zoomastigina • Zooglagellates Amoeba proteus Trichomonas vaginalis

  10. Phylum Sarcodina • Movement:Pseudopodia – “false feet” - cytoplasmic extensions • Ex: Amoebas inhabit fresh/salt water, and soil • Endoplasm – inner portion of the cytoplasm • Ectoplasm – outer layer • Ameboid movement powered by Cytoplasmic streaming – internal flowing of a cell’s cytoplasm

  11. Eating (heterotophic) • Phagocytosis – engulf other protists • Endocytosis – when membrane surrounds and pinches together into food vacuole • Exocytosis – when undigested food exits the cell • Contractile vacuole – organelle that expels fluid from cell b/c hypertonic to environment • *remember – water moves from high concentration to lower – hypertonic is high solute concentration relative to environment

  12. Amoeba

  13. Amoeba

  14. Movement & eating • BEST one - http://www.mikrofauna-videos.de/videos.php?lang=en&id=amoeba&PHPSESSID=d48af6fdb76a70938e775b3af8bb2d7b • http://www.kent.k12.wa.us/staff/timlynch/sci_class/chap09/lesson_protista/Amoeba%20Move.html • http://www.microscopy-uk.net/coppermine/displayimage.php?album=82&pos=0

  15. Variations • Foraminifera – ancient, live in oceans with shelled protective covering – tests • Radiolarians – ancient, live in shallow waters • Tests sink to bottom and build up layers of sediment • E.g. White Cliffs of Dover, England

  16. White Cliffs of Dover, England

  17. 300 foot cliffs made from tests of foraminifera and radiolarians

  18. FYI • Sediment can accumulate as slowly as 0.1 millimeter (0.04 inch) per 1,000 years (in the middle of the ocean where only wind-blown material is deposited) to as fast as 1 meter (3.25 feet) per year along continental margins. More typical deep-sea rates are on the order of several centimeters per 1,000 years.

  19. Foraminifera/Radiolarians

  20. Human disease • Amebic dysentery – sometimes fatal • Enters from contaminated food and water • Enzymes break down intestinal wall

  21. Phylum Ciliophora • Movement – cilia • ex: paramecium lives in fresh/salt water ponds & slow moving streams • Eat: bacteria & algae • Reproduce: Asexual – binary fission followed by sexual – conjugation – offspring genetically different (page 515)

  22. Paramecia

  23. Contractile vacuole operation

  24. Food vacuole

  25. Phylum Zoomastigina • Movement: flagella in lakes & ponds • Ex: Giardia lamblia • Eat small organisms • Live in blood of fish, amphibians reptiles, birds, & mammals carried by bloodsucking insects from host to host

  26. Disease • Trypanosomiasis – parasitic • African “sleeping sickness” • Transmitted by tsetse fly • Chagas’ disease - parasitic • Transmitted by “kissing bug” • Leishmaniasis – parasitic • Can be fatal • Transmitted by sand flies • Giardiasis – parasitic • Transmitted by animal feces in contaminated water

  27. Phylum Sporazoa • Movement: only as juvenile • Ex: Plasmodium

  28. Disease • Malaria – • Transmitted by mosquito • Causes fever, fatigue, thirst, anemia, and death • Occurs in cycle • Problem treating b/c mosquitoes developed resistance to quinine • Afflicts 500,000,000 people per year • Kills 2,700,000 million per year • page 518 life cycle

  29. analogies • _______: _________:: _______: ______ disease cause • _______: _________:: _______: ______ • _______: _________:: _______: ______

  30. Algae Chapter 27

  31. Characteristics • Eukaryote • Autotrophic (differ from other protozoans) • Have chloroplasts • Unicellular and/or multicellular • Lack tissue differentiation

  32. 4 types of algae based on body structure (thallus) • Unicellular – aquatic – ex: phytoplankton • Base of food chain • Produce oxygen • Colonial - ex. Volvox • Many cells grouped & working together

  33. 4 types of algae cont’ 3. Filamentous – ex. Spirogyra • Some anchor to ocean floor 4. Multicellular – ex. Macrocystis - giant kelp • These are most like plants (see pictures next slide)

  34. Giant Kelp - Macrocystis

  35. Classification • 7 phyla based on: • Color • Chlorophyll type • Pigments absorb differing wavelengths of light so gives them their characteristic color- green brown red • Food-storage • Cell wall composition

  36. Reproduction with unicellular algae • Asexually – mitosis produces haploids • + and – gametes called zoospores • Sexually – when + and – join to form diploid zygote – zygospore – meiosis (page 528)

  37. Reproduction in multicellular algae • Complex • Page 528

  38. Ulva – sea lettuce • Gametophyte – haploid gamete-producing phase • Sporophyte – diploid spore-producing phase • Page 529

  39. Phylum Bacillariophyta • Diatoms – cell wall called shells, have 2 pieces (like box with lid) • Diatomaceous earth – dead diatoms sink & form sediment • used in commercial products like: detergents, paint removers, fertilizers, insulators, & toothpaste

  40. Phylum Dinoflagellata • Unicellular, photosynthetic • Red tide – population explosion

  41. Phylum Euglenophyta Euglena – unicellular with flagella • Plantlike b/c photosynthetic • Animal-like b/c lack cell wall

  42. Protozoa Images • www.microimaging.ca/protozoa/conjugation.html

  43. Protista Quiz • http://www.okc.cc.ok.us/biologylabs/Documents/Zoo/Protista.htm

  44. Slime molds • Eukaryote • Multicellular • heterotrophic • Fungus-like • Usually red, viscous mass • Live in damp soil, rotting logs, decaying leaves • Ameboid movement “ooze” • Eat by phagocytosis

  45. Water molds • Fungus-like with branching filaments • Aquatic, soil and parasitic • Blight – disease causes decay of plant • Irish potato famine

  46. Review • Animal-like protists • amoeba & paramecium • Plant-like protists • Spirogyra & volvox

  47. Review analogies • _______: _________:: _______: ______ disease cause • _______: _________:: _______: ______ • _______: _________:: _______: ______

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