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Head of State v. Head of Government. United Kingdom Head of State = King/Queen Head of Government = Prime Minister Israel/Germany Head of State = President (ceremonial) Head of Government = Prime Minister. Head of State Powers Retained by President. Appointing/Receiving Ambassadors
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Head of State v. Head of Government United Kingdom Head of State = King/Queen Head of Government = Prime Minister Israel/Germany Head of State = President (ceremonial) Head of Government = Prime Minister
Head of State Powers Retained by President Appointing/Receiving Ambassadors Granting Pardons/Commutations Appointing Public Officials (in consultation w/ Senate)
Presidency in relation to King British monarchy in decline at time of Constitution Glorious Revolution of 1688 1766 – Parliament’s veto of Royal ban on wheat exports as first true sign of legislative superiority
Presidency in relation to King Office created after struggle against King George III - and effort to gain representation in Parliament Early state legislatures were also quite strong relative to governors – reaction to royal governors
The Modern Presidency Greatly expanded powers • “Imperial Presidency” – increased importance of foreign affairs/military • Expansion in size of government • Congressional tendency to delegate • Singularity makes for better focus with modern media
Mistretta v. U.S. (1989) Congress hopes to address variation in criminal sentencing in federal court Delegates authority to set sentencing guidelines, within statutorily established limits Membership of Commission includes a minimum of 3 federal judges (of 7) Challenge was to Art. III judges “legislating”