The 1960’s John F. Kennedy to Lyndon B. Johnson

1. The 1960’s John F. Kennedy to Lyndon B. Johnson Students will analyze the 1960’s and its impact on American Society

2. The New Frontier • The Election of 1960- marked the transition early America to Modern America 1. Richard Nixon- Vice President under Eisenhower, he was thought to be the frontrunner for this election 2. John F. Kennedy- the youthful senator from Massachusetts is a dark horse candidate but wins the primary, picks Texas senator Lyndon B. Johnson to be his running mate

3. Election of 1960 Kennedy Wins!!!!! VS. Factors Contributing to Kennedy’s Victories Winning Formula Kennedy attacked the Eisenhower era as soft on defense (arms race), supported Civil Rights wins African-American vote, Catholic religion scares some but not enough to lose the election Televised Debates Voters fell in love with the physical appearance and charisma possessed by Kennedy. He was confident and organized. Nixon was pale, sweating and tense.

4. Kennedy Presidency • New Frontier- Kennedy refers to the passing of the torch to the new generation. New Ideas • “Ask not what your country can do for you- ask what can you do for your county”- John F. Kennedy • Best and Brightest- Kennedy surrounds himself with some of the best minds of the day to shape a new America. • Mystique- Seen as Camelot by the American public, cultured, fashion, glamour.

5. Kennedy’s Domestic Policies • New Frontier Programs- never truly passed through Congress, Kennedy lacked political skills and American voter support. 1. Aid for education 2. Federally supported health care 3. Urban renewal and civil rights 4. Peace Corps (1961)-volunteers who go to undeveloped countries; economic/technical

6. Race to the Moon • First Man in Space-April 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri A. Gagarin is first man in space • Soon after, U.S. puts man in space, uses satellite communications • First Man on the Moon- July 1969 U.S astronaut Neil Armstrong is first man to walk on moon • University science programs grow; new industries, technologies arise

7. Kennedy’s Foreign Policy • Flexible Response- Kennedy believed in fighting conventional wars, balance nuclear weapons 1. Defense- Kennedy increased spending by 20%, created a mobile military 2. Nuclear Weapons- increased the amount by three times, long range missiles. 3. Special Forces- Green Berets, Rangers sent into conflict areas to deal with rebellions and communist forces

8. Bay of Pigs Invasion • Bay of Pigs Invasion-Kennedy’s biggest mistake, he gives approval of this plan hatched by the C.I.A. under Eisenhower to overthrow Castro using Cuban Exiles. 1. Exiles return-Landing in April they expected people to join their revolution, nobody joins. 2. Trapped-Cuban exiles caught on beach, Kennedy refuses to use U.S. forces to help. 3. Embarrassment- Kennedy is forced to pay a ransom (food/medicine) to free the exiles. 4.Castro- uses this to get more support from the Soviet Union and strengthen his grip on power.

9. The Building of the Berlin Wall • Berlin Wall- The symbol of the Cold War until 1989 • Kennedy and Khrushchev- agree to a meeting, at the meeting Khrushchev demands the immediate withdrawal of U.S. troops from West Berlin, Kennedy refuses. • East Germany- begins building the wall to keep East Germans from fleeing into West Berlin. • Tension- U.S. and Soviet tanks begin to face off, Kennedy makes no move to stop the wall • Kennedy’s Speech- Kennedy flies to Berlin in 1963 to support West Berliners- “Ich bin ein Berliner”

10. Cuban Missile Crisis • Crisis- the closest the world ever came to all out nuclear war. • Cuba and Soviet Union-Spy planes discover that Cuba was building underground missile sites for nuclear weapons that could reach the U.S. in minutes • Kennedy Reacts-orders a naval blockade of Cuba until all weapons are removed. U.S.S.R. told any ship trying to run the blockade will start a full scale war with the U.S. • Khrushchev Reacts- turns the Soviet ships around and remove the missiles if Kennedy promises not to invade Cuba

11. Cuban Missile Crisis cont’d… • Fall out of the Cuban Missile Crisis 1. Hotline- direct line between D.C. and Moscow 2. Khrushchev- reputation is damaged in the U.S.S.R. 3. Nuclear Test Ban Treaty- 100 nations agree to stop open air testing of nuclear weapons 4. Criticism- Kennedy seen as soft for not ousting Castro, brinkmanship policy

12. Kennedy Assassination • Cut Down- November 23,1963 President Kennedy is assassinated in Dallas, Texas. • Stunned Americans- were devastated by the Kennedy assassination, remember where they were. • Lee Harvey Oswald-The alleged Kennedy assassin is killed two days after Kennedy by Jack Ruby on television. • Warren Commission- headed by Supreme Court Justice Warren, states that Oswald was the lone gunman during the assassination . 1. Conspiracy- CIA, FBI, Mob, Castro, USSR 2. Innocence loss- Many young Americans lose trust and respect for the government

13. President Lyndon B. Johnson • Oath of Office- 2 hours after the Kennedy assassination. He is a lawmaker with political experience. • War on Poverty-Johnson wants to eliminate poverty and racial tension in America • The Great Society-Johnson’s program to end poverty and racism in the U.S. 1. Medicare- medical insurance program for those 65 and older. 2. Medicaid- government paid healthcare for poor and disabled

14. Great Society con’t… 3. Elementary and Secondary School Act- money for poor school districts 4. Immigration Law- abolishes quota’s from the 1920’s allowing millions to enter from Asia, Latin America and Caribbean 5. Department of Housing- created to build low and moderate housing in urban centers 6. Ralph Nader- “Unsafe at any Speed”,about the problems in the auto industry, laws passed to fix the problems 7. Rachel Carson-“Silent Spring”,about the problems of air and water pollution caused by pesticides • Criticism of the Great Society- too expensive, couldn’t be measured and created a group of lazy Americans. Ends with the Vietnam War

15. The Warren Court 1953-1969 • Chief Justice Warren- led the court from 1953-1969 during his time the supreme court will reshape America and individual rights. 1. Mapp v. Ohio- illegally seized evidence can not be used in court against someone 2. Gideon v. Wainwright- poor be provided an attorney 3. Miranda v. Arizona- expands on an earlier case- rights read, lawyer present during questioning 4. Yates v. U.S.- protected radical and revolutionary speech, “unless a clear and present danger” 5. Engel v. Vitale- No prayer in school 6. Griswold v. Connecticut- states could not prohibit the use of contraception. • Criticism- People felt the Supreme Court was protecting the rights of unpopular minority groups and criminals. The Warren Court was very radical and groundbreaking in it’s decisions, changed the U.S.

16. The Civil Rights Movement • Television-images will change the way Americans view Civil Rights. 1. Influence-the beatings, harassment, ignorance, dogs, fire hoses, seen by the world as why segregation needs to end in the South. • Kennedy’s Reaction to Segregation- 1. University of Mississippi- Sends in troops to allow an African American veteran to attend and enroll. 2. University of Alabama- Governor George Wallace tries to stop integration, Kennedy sends in troops to force integration in the school.

17. Civil Rights Movement • Desegregating Birmingham- in the heart of the South it represents the battleground that must be won to end segregation. 1. Birmingham Letters- Martin Luther King and followers are jailed. He writes a letter describing the love needed to overcome hatred, Kennedy becomes a staunch supporter of the Civil Rights Movement 2. Children- shown on T.V. they are being beaten and attacked by Southern police. 3. Reaction- The American conscious can no longer take segregation and it’s evils. • March on Washington- August 1963 King leads a march of over 200,000 black and white supporters to support the Civil Rights Bill. 1. “I Have a Dream”- the speech that defines the Civil Rights Movement, appealed for the end racial prejudice.

18. Civil Rights Movement • Lyndon Johnson-was able to convince Congress and Americans it was time for a change. • Civil Rights Act of 1964-made segregation in public facilities illegal and gave the federal government additional powers to enforce the integration of schools. • 1964: 24th Amendment-abolishes the collection of voting poll taxes.

19. Civil Rights Movement • Freedom Rides-organized by SNCC to bring protestors from the North to the South to register voters in Mississippi. 1. Violence-James Chaney, Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner are abducted, tortured and killed trying to register voters. Outrages Americans, FBI called. • March on Selma 1965– King leads a group of 600 protestors on a march to Montgomery, violently attacked and beaten on T.V. 1. Second March- federal protection, over 25,000 protestors join • Voting Rights Act of 1965:ended literacy tests and provided federal registrars in areas where blacks were kept from voting

20. Radical Civil Rights Movement • Nation of Islam- led by Elijah Muhammad it attracted Blacks who were fed up with the slow progress of King, SCLC and SNCC. 1. Ideas- Black Nationalism, separatism, and self improvement. 2. Malcolm X- the charismatic leader of the Nation, he was the voice of frustrated Americans. 3. Malcolm vs. Martin-Malcolm X called King an “Uncle Tom”, sell out who was willing to bow down to Whites. 4. Malcolm’s Message-advocated self defense in the face of white violence. 5. Malcolm leaves the Nation- describes a self revelation and preaches a less violent form of Islam 6. Assassination- killed at the Audubon Ballroom in Harlem, by members of the NOI.

21. Radical Civil Rights cont’d… • Stokley Carmichael- leader of SNCC, he begins to advocate a more radical version preaching BLACK POWER • Black Panthers- founded by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale in California to protect African American neighborhoods from Police brutality. 1. Symbol-Black Panthers were one of the main counter culture groups of the 1960’s 2. Ideas-Ten-Point Program, demanding equality in social and economic standing. 3. Ghetto- Panther party provided health, food, educational, political, and protective services for inner city neighborhoods. 4. End- collapses in the early 70’s under political and legal pressures brought by the U.S. government

22. Legacy of the Civil Rights Movement • Affirmative action-extra effort to hire, enroll discriminated groups (Blacks, Hispanics, Asians, Native Americans, White Women). 1. Acceptance- Colleges, Businesses adopt the policy. 2. Criticism- White Men claim this is reverse discrimination and they are being cut out of things 3. Bakke v. California1978- ruled race can be used when considering applicants to colleges, but racial quotas cannot be used. Protected affirmative action program. 4. Civil Rights Act of 1968- prohibits discrimination in housing 5. More black students finish high school, college; get better jobs 6. Greater pride in racial identity leads to Black Studies programs 7. More African-American participation in movies, television 8. Increased voter registration results in more black elected officials

23. Student Movement • Beginnings- started in 1962 students begin to want Universities to include them in on the decision making process. 1. Demands- Free Speech Movement on College Campuses, Drinking, Visits by the opposite sex to dorm rooms, Change in studies, Involvement in the Vietnam War.

24. Counterculture Movement • Hippies/Flower Children-mainly the young they rebelled in music, dress, living and drug use. 1. Dress- Jeans, Tie Die shirts, long hair, beards, beads 2. Lifestyle- drugs, communes, folk music 3. Beliefs- they believed in the ideas of a democratic society more than any generation. Many believed they could destroy poverty, war, racism, unresponsive authority “THE MAN” 4. Woodstock 1969-The zenith of the movement it also marked the end of the 60’s and lifestyle. Every major act of the 60’s made an appearance. 5. Music-Janis Joplin, Jimi Hendrix, Bob Dylan, Rolling Stones, Beatles, and Jefferson Airplane 6. Impatience- Due to the slow nature of change many of the people began to turn to a more radical approach.

25. Sexual Revolution • Origins- begun as a part of the counterculture movement • Why- a backlash against the conservative ideas and morals of the 1950’s. • Sex- seen as more liberating than a duty, many of these ideas get their beginnings from advertisements, movies, magazines and television. • Prevention- drugs and contraception led many to believe casual sex had no drawbacks, this idea remains until the 1980’s and HIV, teenage mothers

26. Women’s Movement • Betty Friedan- writes the book “The Feminine Mystique”which urged women to get fulfillment from careers rather than confining themselves to the home. • National Organization for Women (NOW)- founded by Freidan and other women to promote equality for all women, adopted the tactics of the Civil Rights Movement 1. Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)- was designed to promote equality of the sexes and make it illegal to discriminate based on it. Defeated by the new conservative movement. • Legacy of the Women’s Movement- 1. Changed hiring and employment practices 2. Increased the number of women in college and in law, medicine, politics, business 3. Closing the gap on equality and perception

27. United Farm Worker’s Movement • Led by Cesar Chavez 1. Supported the rights of migrant farm workers 2. Desire to improve work conditions of these workers 3. Used non-violent methods to achieve goals, including a hunger strike 4. Started a nationwide boycott of California grapes 5. Eventually led to negotiations that gave farm workers higher wages.

28. THE CONSERVATIVE MOVEMENT • The "Cold Warriors" of the 1950's • Barry Goldwater(1964) and Richard Nixon (1968) • The "Solid South" angry with Democratic party support of Civil Rights • Opposition to "Liberal" Supreme Court's Judicial Activism • Beliefs- they opposed the student movement, civil rights, gun control, liberalism, Feminism, Affirmative Action, Sexual Revolution, Hippies, Gay Rights, Great Society, big government, Social Security, and Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA).

29. The Vietnam War • Early Stages- Kennedy adopted Eisenhower’s “Domino Theory” and felt that South Vietnam needed increased military support to protect it from communism. 1. South Vietnam- government was corrupt, unpopular, President was overthrown and assassinated. 2. Johnson- becomes president when S. Vietnam is falling apart, he is attacked by Goldwater as being soft on communism.

30. Vietnam War • Tonkin Gulf Resolution- Johnson gets Congress to pass this to take “all necessary measures” to stop the spread of communism in Vietnam 1. Support- Americans supported the war until 1968, though some felt it was an illegal war. 2. President Johnson- caught in a dilemma- support an unpopular war and draw the U.S. in and destroy the Great Society Programs or look soft on communism in the face of Americans?

31. Vietnam War • Escalating the War-Johnson’s advisers recommended expanding the war. 1. Operation Rolling Thunder- Johnson authorizes carpet bombing of N. Vietnam to destroy their morale and ability to fight. Also support S. Vietnam and boost their morale. 2. Failure- N. Vietnam with the support of the Soviet Union had air defense. 3. Problems- the U.S. failed to win the support of the people, instead conducted a war of attrition, search and destroy tactics- N. Vietnam could point to this as why Vietnamese should join their effort.

32. Vietnam War • Containment- The U.S. increases the number of soldiers in Vietnam from 16,000 in 1961 to 500,000 by 1965. 1. Viet-Cong Tactics- they used tunnels, the Ho Chi Minh Trail and the jungles to defeat the U.S. who was unprepared for the tactics and never adapted to that style of warfare. 2. View of the War- U.S. sees it as a military struggle but North Vietnamese as a war for survival. 3. American Problems- Napalm, Agent Orange, Traps, Drugs, Alcohol, Corruption, T.V.

33. Vietnam War • Divided Nation- The U.S. uses the draft, the affluent and white flee to college or Canada. 1. Poor- 80% of the soldiers are from low income families 2. African-Americans- serve in disproportionate numbers in ground combat, Dept. of Defense fixes this but morale is destroyed among troops. 3. Doves-opponents of the war, costs lives and money better suited for the inner city. 4. Hawks-favor sending greater forces to win the war, by 1967 majority of Americans support war consider protesters disloyal.

34. Anti-War Activist • Movement- In 1965, protest marches, rallies draw tens of thousands • Protesters- calls for civil disobedience; counsels students to go abroad, antiwar demonstrations, protests increase, some become violent • Veterans-Small numbers of returning veterans protest; protest songs popular • Some men burn draft cards; some refuse to serve; some flee to Canada

35. 1968 The Year that Changed America • The Tet Offensive- Vietcong troops make a surprise sneak attack on all S. Vietnam cities and U.S. bases. 1. Military- the Tet offensive was counterattacked by the U.S. and all loses were recovered. 2. Victory- Johnson loss the war of public opinion as Americans saw it as unwinable. 3. Americans- Before the Tet Offensive most Americans hawks, after 50% Doves. Media attacks the war. 4. President Johnson- popular support falls 60% disapproval, Johnson goes on T.V. and announces he will look for a peaceful solution, withdraws from the 1968 Presidential Race shocking everyone.

36. Two Assassinations Change America • April 4th, 1968- Martin Luther King Jr. is shot on a motel balcony in Memphis, Tenn., by James Earl Ray. 1. Reaction- In 168 cities riots break out in African American communities revealing the anger and frustration still felt in the North and South. • Robert F. Kennedy- former Attorney General under his brother is running for the office of President. 1. June 5, 1968- RFK is shot by an assassin after winning the primary in California. 2. Reaction- many counter culture supporters, African Americans and democrats are devastated. He was the last liberal “60’s” politicians.

37. Democratic Convention of 68’ • Chicago- Humphrey was V.P. and had won the nomination but not the minds of the protesters on the street. • Riots- Chicago police attack and beat protesters who were marching to the convention. • T.V.- the images are sent all over the country and people see it as a sign that the country is being torn apart by the liberals. • Election of 1968- Richard Nixon vs. Humphrey- Nixon wins on the platform of restoring law and order and ending the Vietnam War. This was the beginning of the conservative movement in America and would dominate politics in the 80’s and 90’s.

38. End of the Vietnam War • Paris Peace Accords 1973- officially ended US involvement in Vietnam 1. Fall of Saigon 1975- U.S. pulls out as communist rebels storm the city, Vietnam becomes a communist country • Legacy of the Vietnam War- 1. Government abolishes military draft 2. War contributes to cynicism about government, political leaders. Americans begin to distrust and hate their own government