1 / 24

1899 French magazine

1899 French magazine. Unequal Treaties 1. Reimburse Britain for costs incurred fighting the Chinese 2. Open several ports to British trade 3. Provide Britain with complete control of Hong Kong 4. Grant extraterritoriality to British citizens living in China.

donal
Download Presentation

1899 French magazine

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. 1899 French magazine

  2. Unequal Treaties 1. Reimburse Britain for costs incurred fighting the Chinese 2. Open several ports to British trade 3. Provide Britain with complete control of Hong Kong 4. Grant extraterritoriality to British citizens living in China

  3. Western invasions (1839-1900) • Opium War (1839 - 1842) • The Second Opium War (1856 - 1860) • Russia’s territorial gains Northeast China (1858 - 1860) Northwest China (1881 - 1884) • Sino-French War (1883 - 1885) • Sino-Japanese War (1894 - 95) • 8-nation forces (1900)

  4. Weakness fully exposed • Sino-Japanese War of 1894 - 1895 • Chinese navy destroyed • Taiwan ceded to Japan • large indemnity • most-favored-nation • more treaty ports • Korea • start of Japanese empire

  5. 5 Internal Problems By the 1800s, the Qing dynasty was in decline. • Irrigation systems and canals were poorly maintained, leading to massive flooding of the Huang He valley. • The population explosion that had begun a century earlier created a terrible hardship for China’s peasants. • An extravagant court, tax evasion by the rich, and widespread official corruption added to the peasants’ burden. • Between 1850 and 1864, peasants took part in the Taiping Rebellion, the most devastating revolt in history. • Followed by the Boxer Rebellion against foreigners. **In both rebellions the Qing dynasty had to rely on European troops to regain power

  6. Radicalization of politics status quo modern monarchy Qing court Reformers Peasants Revolutionaries republic pre-1841 China Marxism? Capitalist- Democratic?

  7. Overthrow of Manchu Dynasty (1644-1911) • Sun Yat-senbecomes the leader of the revolution • sets up a republic • is elected president • Hopes to establish govt. based on the three principles of the people. 1. Nationalism 2. Democracy 3. People’s Livelihood Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925)

  8. World War I--Asia Japan: • 1917-China and Japan aide Allies vs.Germany - Chinese used as laborers not soldiers - Japan sends navy to help Brits blockade German ports and drives Germans out of China • 1919 Treaty of Versailles: • Japan gains territory & privileges previously belonging to Germany in China. (Shandong Province)

  9. Chinese Response: May Fourth Movement: May 4, 1919 • students protest in Peking. • slogan: ‘Down with the Imperialists’ • becomes a nationalist movement: 1. Spreads to other cities 2. Nationalism & anti-imperialist sentiment grow.

  10. May Fourth MovementSpreads • Boycott Japanese products • workers and merchants join Protests in major Chinese cities • Goes international: Paris, California • Force release of imprisoned students • dismissal of Japanese officials from govt. • Some turn against Sun Yat-sen’s belief in western democracy.

  11. Following the Russian revolution the GMD turned to Russia for help. The Comintern sent Mikhail Borodin (left) to organise the new Chinese Communist Party and to assist the GMD to unite and overthrow the warlords.

  12. New political parties Nationalist Party (GMD) - established prior to the Revolution by Sun Yat-Sen, but dies in 1925 General Chiang Kai-Shek takes over Communist Party was established in 1921 Mao Ze Dong was one of its founding members -becomes leader by 1935 during the Long March

  13. The Chinese Civil War 1926-1949 Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek Chairman Mao Zedong

  14. Communists in rural areas • revolutionary bases in Jiangxi Province for CCP elite and purge survivors AND their Soviet advisors • To grow their base and spread communist revolts to other areas

  15. Nationalist Republic of China (1928-37) • Chiang Kai-shek becomes President. • U.S. & Britain recognizes KMT government • Government becomes dictatorial and corrupt. • Focuses on modernizing & developing cities. • Ignores the peasants—life does not improve

  16. Mao Tse-tung and the Peasants • Recognizes potential. • Organizing soviets to train peasants • Divides CCP land amongst peasants • Wins their loyalty

  17. The Japanese posed an even bigger threat, taking Manchuria • After 1937 they invaded and conquered the rich coastal plains and cities of China in a brilliantly successful but brutal campaign, culminating in the massacre at Nanjing where 300,000 civilians were slaughtered in an orgy of rape, pillage and execution. But this only united and motivated the Chinese to fight them. • It then became Chiang Kai Shek’s turn to flee to the interior of China and resist as best he could in Chungking until the Americans arrived with help. • Mao’s Red Army did most of the fighting against the Japanese. • Gaining combat experience to use against ChaingKaishek when the Japanese are defeated and the Civil War restarts (1945-49)

  18. Mao’s China: 1949: “China has stood up!”

  19. “A revolution is not a dinner party, or writing an essay, or painting a picture, or doing embroidery; it cannot be so refined, so leisurely and gentle, so temperate, kind, courteous, restrained and magnanimous. A revolution is an insurrection, an act of violence by which one class overthrows another.”

  20. Rebuilding China Development First Plan • Communist ideology shaped new government • Change in China’s political, economic systems • Government discouraged practice of religion • Also seized property of rural landowners, redistributed among peasants • Put in place Soviet-style five-year plans for industrial development • By 1957, first plan doubled China’s small industrial output • Early efforts to build economy successful • Improved economy, reduced poverty China under Mao Having defeated the Guomindang, Mao set about building a Communist China. His first concern was rebuilding a country that had been torn apart by years of civil war.

  21. China Modeled on Soviet Union • Soviet Union provided financial support, aid in China’s first years • China modeled many of its new political, economic, military policies on Soviet system • 1950s, territorial disputes, differences in ideology pushed China away from Soviet ally • Improvements in literacy rates, public health • Chinese life expectancy increased sharply over next few decades • Improvements came at a cost • To consolidate Communist control over China, government soon began to eliminate so-called “enemies of the state” who had spoken out against government’s policies • Many thousands—including public officials, business leaders, artists, writers—killed, or sent to labor camps

More Related