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WHAP Ch. 9

WHAP Ch. 9 . Civilization in Eastern Europe: Byzantium and Orthodox Europe.

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WHAP Ch. 9

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  1. WHAP Ch. 9 Civilization in Eastern Europe: Byzantium and Orthodox Europe

  2. Belisarius - Greek fire - Bulgaria - Ravenna Hellenistic culture - Byzantine Empire – Balkans - Manzikert – Constantine -Tsar Basil II - Hagia Sophia - Justinian – Theodora – Huns - Sassanian - Empire Procopius – icons - iconoclasm - Cyril and Methodius - Rurik - Vladimir I - Russian Orthodoxy - Theodora and Zoë - Cyrillic alphabet - Magyars - Yaroslav I - boyars - Tatars - Constantinople - Orthodox Christian church

  3. The Byzantine Empire

  4. The Byzantine Empire • The Byzantine Empire, once part of the greater Roman Empire • Emperor Constantine in the 4th century C.E. established a capital at Constantinople • It continued flourishing after the Roman decline. • Although it inherited and continued some of Rome’s patterns, the eastern Mediterranean state developed its own form of civilization

  5. Justinian's Achievements • Justinian - 6th-century Byzantine emperor; tried & failed to reconquer the western portions of the empire; he rebuilt Constantinople; codified Roman law, this reduced legal confusion in the empire. • The code later spread Roman legal concepts throughout Europe. • Slavs, Persians attack from east • Building projects - Hagia Sophia

  6. Empire's Defenses • Center of empire shifts to east • Constant external threats from Arab Muslims and the Bulgars(a semi-nomadic people from in the Volga basin in the 7th century.) • Bulgaria was a strong rival, but Basil II defeated and conquered it in the 11th century.

  7. Byzantine Society and Politics • Emperors resemble Chinese rulers - Court rituals - Head of church and state – theocracy • Sophisticated bureaucracy - Open to all classes - Provincial governors hold local power • State Economic control - Regulation of food prices, trade and Silk production • Huge trade network - Asia, Russia, Scandinavia, Europe, Africa • Arts – Religious - Creativity in architecture

  8. Byzantine trade network

  9. ART

  10. The Split Between Eastern and Western Christianity • Separate paths - Patriarch Michael - 1054, attacks Catholic practice - Mutual excommunication • The Empire's Decline - Period of decline from 11th century • Seljuk Turks - Take most of Asian provinces - 1071, Battle of Manzikert: Turk victory over Byzantium; resulted in loss of the empire’s rich Anatolian territory • Slavic states will start to emerge • Crusaders, led by Venetian merchants, sacked Constantinople in 1204. • A smaller empire will struggle to survive for another two centuries against western Europeans, Muslims, and Slavic kingdoms. • In 1453, the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople.

  11. The Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe • Influence through conquest, conversion, trade • Cyril and Methodius devised a written script for the Slavic language, providing a base for literacy in eastern Europe. • Unlike western Christians, the Byzantines allowed the use of local languages in church services.

  12. Competition • Both eastern and western missionaries competed in eastern Europe. • Roman Catholics, and their Latin alphabet, prevailed in Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland. • The region became a long-standing site of competition between the two influences. • A series of regional monarchies—Poland, Bohemia, Lithuania—with powerful land-owning aristocracies developed. • Eastern Europe also received an influx of Jews from the Middle East and western Europe. • They were often barred from agriculture but participated in local commerce. • They maintained their own traditions and emphasized education for males.

  13. The Byzantine Empire, 1000-1100

  14. The Emergence of Kievan Rus' • Slavs from Asia they are Iron working, extend agriculturist • Mix with earlier populations • Family tribes, villages – Kingdoms - Animistic • 6th, 7th centuries trade with Scandinavian merchants • Trade between Byzantines and the North • c. 855, monarchy under Rurik move the Center to Kiev • Vladimir I (980-1015) Converts to Orthodoxy and Controls the church

  15. Culture in Kievan Rus' • Influenced by Byzantine patterns of art & architecture • Orthodox influence - Ornate churches • Icons - Monastic • Art, literature dominated by religion, royalty • Free farmers predominant • Boyars, landlords - Less powerful than in the West

  16. Kievan Decline • Decline from 12th century – Rival governments - Succession struggles • Asian conquerors- Mongols (Tartars) 13th century, take territory Traditional culture survives • The Mongol invasions usher in new period • East and West Europe further separated

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