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Intelligent Environments

Intelligent Environments. Computer Science and Engineering University of Texas at Arlington. Networking for Intelligent Environments. Requirements Technologies Networking Service Discovery Network Architecture. Intelligent Environments. Network Requirements. Sensor 1. Sensor 5.

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Intelligent Environments

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  1. Intelligent Environments Computer Science and Engineering University of Texas at Arlington Intelligent Environments

  2. Networking for Intelligent Environments • Requirements • Technologies • Networking • Service Discovery • Network Architecture Intelligent Environments

  3. Intelligent Environments Network Requirements Intelligent Environments

  4. Sensor 1 Sensor 5 Sensor 2 Sensor 6 Sensor 3 Sensor 7 Sensor 4 Sensor 8 Intelligent Environments

  5. Network Requirements: Sensors • Camera (15) – 320x240, 8-bit color • Motion (15) – distance, direction, velocity • Temperature (12) • Humidity (12) • Light (12) – frequency, intensity • Microphone (12) – 8000 Hz • Gas (4) • Pressure (100) Intelligent Environments

  6. Network Requirements: Sensors Intelligent Environments

  7. Audio Phones (16 kHz, 8 bit) Radios (44 kHz, 16 bit) TVs (44 kHz, 16 bit) Media players (44 kHz, 16 bit) Monitoring (16 kHz, 8 bit) 2.4 Mbits/sec (one each) Internet, control, … Video Phones (30fps, 320x240, 8-bit color) TVs (60 fps, 1024x768, 24-bit color) Video players (60 fps, 1024x768, 24-bit color) Monitoring (30 fps, 320x240, 8-bit color) ~6.9 Gbits/sec (one each) Other Network Requirements Intelligent Environments

  8. Other Network Requirements Intelligent Environments

  9. Network Requirements • Worst-case throughput: 10 Gbits/sec • Maximum throughput: 5 Gbits/sec • Quality of Service (QoS) • Audio, video • Plug and play (service discovery) Intelligent Environments

  10. Intelligent Environments Network Technologies Intelligent Environments

  11. Wired Network Technologies • Phone line • Home Phoneline Networking Alliance (HomePNA) • Power line • X10 • Consumer Electronics Bus (CEBus) • HomePlug • LonWorks • New wire • Ethernet (coax, twisted pair, optical fiber) • Universal Serial Bus (USB) • IEEE 1394 Firewire • Home Audio Video Interoperability (HAVi) • Specialty: audio, video Intelligent Environments

  12. Wireless Network Technologies • Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT) • HomeRF • Bluetooth • IEEE 802.11 • HiperLAN2 • Infrared Intelligent Environments

  13. Phoneline Networking • Home Phoneline Networking Alliance (HomePNA) • www.homepna.org • IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) • Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detect (CSMA/CD) • 10 Mbps (HPNA 2.0) • Length: 500 feet Intelligent Environments

  14. HomePNA Packet Intelligent Environments

  15. HomePNA Frequencies • Standard voice (POTS): 20Hz - 3.4kHz • UADSL: 25kHz - 1.1MHz • Home network: 5.5MHz - 9.5MHz Intelligent Environments

  16. Phoneline Network Issues • Random wiring topologies & signal attenuation • Home phoneline wiring system is a random “tree” topology • Simply plugging in the phone or disconnecting the fax changes the tree • This topology can cause signal attenuation • Signal noise • Appliances, heaters, air conditioners, consumer appliances & telephones can introduce signal noise onto the phone wires Intelligent Environments

  17. Powerline Networking • Ubiquity of power lines • 10+ Mbps • Technologies • X10 • Consumer Electronics Bus (CEBus) • HomePlug • LonWorks Intelligent Environments

  18. X10 • X10 controllers send signals over existing AC wiring to receiver modules • X10 technology transmits binary data using the Amplitude Modulation (AM) technique • www.x10.com Intelligent Environments

  19. X10 • To differentiate the data symbols, the carrier uses the zero-voltage crossing point of the 60Hz AC sine wave on the cycle’s positive or negative transition • Synchronized receivers accept the carrier at each zero-crossing point • X10 uses two zero crossings to transmit a binary digit so as to reduce errors Intelligent Environments

  20. X10 • Every bit requires a full 60 Hertz cycle and thus the X10 transmission rate is limited to only 60 bps • Usually a complete X10 command consists of two packets with a 3 cycle gap between each packet • Each packet contains two identical messages of 11 bits (or 11 cycles) each • A complete X-10 command consumes 47 cycles that yields a transmission time of about 0.8s Intelligent Environments

  21. Consumer Electronics Bus (CEBus) • Open standard providing separate physical layer specification for communication on power lines and other media • Electronic Industries Association (EIA-600) • www.cebus.org • Data packets are transmitted by the transceiver at about 10 Kbps • Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detect (CSMA/CD) • Employing spread spectrum technology (100Hz-400 Hz) Intelligent Environments

  22. OSI and CEBus (EIA-600) Intelligent Environments

  23. Spread Spectrum Modulation • Frequency spectrum of a data-signal is spread using a code uncorrelated with that signal • Sacrifices bandwidth to gain signal-to-noise performance Intelligent Environments

  24. HomePlug • HomePlug Powerline Alliance • www.homeplug.org • Spread-spectrum technology Intelligent Environments

  25. HomePlug • Speed • Support file transfers at 10BaseT-like rates • Either node-to-node file transfer or scenarios with multiple nodes performing simultaneous file transfers • HomePlug 1.0 (14 Mbps) • Voice over IP (VoIP) • Maintain adequate QoS while supporting multiple, simultaneous VoIP calls while other nodes are transferring files and during multiple media streams Intelligent Environments

  26. HomePlug • Interoperability • Interoperate with other networking technologies • Co-exist with existing powerline networking technologies such as X-10, CEBus and LonWorks • Security • Contain strong privacy features • Support multiple logical networks on a single physical medium • Be applicable to markets in North America, Europe and Asia Intelligent Environments

  27. LonWorks • Local Operation Networks (LonWorks) • Developed by Echelon Corporation • www.echelon.com • Provides a peer-to-peer communication protocol, implementing Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) techniques • 1.25 Mbps • Works for other wired and wireless media Intelligent Environments

  28. LonWorks • A common message-based communications protocol • LonTalk protocol implements all seven layers of the OSI model using a mixture of hardware and firmware on a silicon chip • Protocol can be run as fast as 20 MHz Intelligent Environments

  29. Powerline Network Issues • Noise • Switching power supplies • Wound motors • Vacuum cleaners, kitchen appliances, drills • Dimmers • Security • Signal attenuation Intelligent Environments

  30. New Wire Networking • Ethernet (coax, twisted pair, optical fiber) • Universal Serial Bus (USB) • IEEE 1394 Firewire • Home Audio Video Interoperability (HAVi) • Specialty: audio, video Intelligent Environments

  31. Ethernet • IEEE 802.3 • CSMA/CD • Up to 1 Gbps • IEEE 802.3ae • 10GBase-X, 10 Gps • Lengths up to 40 km • www.ethermanage.com/ethernet Intelligent Environments

  32. IEEE 802.3 Intelligent Environments

  33. Universal Serial Bus (USB) • www.usb.org • 480 Mbps • Plug and Play • Hot pluggable • Up to 127 devices simultaneously • Powered bus • 5m maximum cable length Intelligent Environments

  34. IEEE 1394 Firewire (i.LINK) • Digital interface • No need to convert digital data into analog and tolerate a loss of data integrity • Transferring data @ 100, 200, 400 Mbps • Physically small • The thin serial cable can replace larger and more expensive interfaces Intelligent Environments

  35. IEEE 1394 Firewire • No need for terminators or device IDs • Hot pluggable • Users can add or remove 1394 devices with the bus active • Scaleable architecture • May mix 100, 200, and 400 Mbps devices on a bus Intelligent Environments

  36. IEEE 1394 Firewire • It can connect up to 63 devices @ transfer rate of 400Mbps • Up to 16 nodes can be daisy- chained through the connectors • Standard cables up to 4.5 m in length for a total standard cable length of 72 m Intelligent Environments

  37. IEEE 1394 Firewire • Flexible topology • Support of daisy chaining and branching for true peer-to-peer communication • Non-proprietary Intelligent Environments

  38. IEEE 1394b • 1394b is a significant enhancement to the basic 1394 specification that enables: • Speed increases to 3.2 Gbps • Distances of 100 meters on UTP-5, plastic optical fiber and glass optical fiber • Significantly reduces latency times by using arbitration • Fully backwards compatible with the current 1394 and 1394a specifications Intelligent Environments

  39. Home Audio Video Interoperability (HAVi) • HAVi is a digital Audio Video networking initiative that provides a home networking software specification • Seamless interoperability among home entertainment products • Designed to meet the particular demands of digital audio and video • www.havi.org Intelligent Environments

  40. HAVi • Defines operating-system-neutral middleware that manages: • Multi-directional AV streams • Event schedule • Registries • Takes advantage of chips built into modern audio and video appliances • Provides the management function of a dedicated audio-video networking system • IEEE 1394 (i. LINK or FireWire) has been chosen as the interconnection medium Intelligent Environments

  41. Specialty Wiring • Audio • Coax • RCA • Speaker wire • Video • Coax • RCA • VGA • ~100m maximum cable lengths Intelligent Environments

  42. Intelligent Environments Wireless Networking Technologies Intelligent Environments

  43. Wireless Network Technologies • Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT) • HomeRF • Bluetooth • IEEE 802.11 • HiperLAN2 • Infrared Intelligent Environments

  44. General Wireless • Narrow band • Spread spectrum • Direct Sequence (DSSS) • Frequency Hopping (FHSS) • Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Intelligent Environments

  45. DECT • Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT) • www.dectweb.com • Digital radio technology • Dynamic channel selection • Encryption, authentication, identification • 500 Kbps – 2 Mbps • Cordless phones Intelligent Environments

  46. HomeRF • www.homerf.org • Shared Wireless Access Protocol (SWAP) • IEEE 802.11 for data • DECT for voice Intelligent Environments

  47. HomeRF • Specifications • 2.4 GHz band • FHSS • 1.6 Mbps (10 Mbps with SWAP 2.0) • 50m range • 127 nodes Intelligent Environments

  48. Bluetooth • www.bluetooth.com • Ericsson, the principal inventor, borrowed the name from Harald Bluetooth (son of Gorm) • The King of Denmark circa 900AD • United Denmark and Norway Intelligent Environments

  49. Bluetooth • Specifications • 2.4 GHz • FHSS (79 channels) • 1600 hops per second • Error correction • 1 Mbps capacity, 780 Kbps throughput • 10m distance • Low power (1 mW) Intelligent Environments

  50. Bluetooth • Personal Area Networks (PANs) • Piconet • Collection of up to 8 devices using same hopping sequence • Scatternet • Collection of piconets, each with different hopping sequence Intelligent Environments

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