Crime and Deviance

1. Crime and Deviance Ethnicity, Crime and Justice

2. Recap • You have one minute to write on the board one word which sums up what you remember from gender, crime and justice.

3. You will be able to.... • Identify the patterns of ethnicity and criminalisation as shown by different sources of data, • Understand the relationship between the criminal justice process and ethnicity, • Evaluate sociological explanations of the relationship between ethnicity, offending and criminalisation, • Understand the relationship between ethnicity, racism and victimisation

4. Your thoughts ... Are some ethnic groups more likely to commit crime more than others ? Why?

5. Is the criminal justice system biased and racist towards ethnic minorities ?

6. There are definite ethnic differences in criminalisation, • Some ethnic group are more likely to be victims of a crime than others, • Considerable evidence of the scale of racially motivated offences against minority groups

7. A crucial example .... • Rodney King • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ROn_9302UHg

8. Ethnicity and criminalisation • Significant ethnic differences in the likelihood of being involved in the CJS • Black people make up 2.8% of the population but 11% of prison population, • Asians make up 4.7% of the population but 6% of the prison population, • White people on the other hand are under-represented at all stages of the CJS (see Ministry of Justice statement, 2008)

9. However... • Statistics fails to tell us whether one ethnic group is more likely to commit crime more than another as they focus on the CJS involvement , • e.g. .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

10. Alternatives sources of statistics • Victim surveys • Asks individuals what they have been victims of and the ethnicity of the perpetrators, • Provides us with information with regards to ethnicity and offending, • Mugging for example over represents black people as perpetrators.

11. Criticism • ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... • ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... • ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... • .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

12. Would you .... Share or tell others if you had previously committed a violent crime ?

13. Self report studies • Asks participants to disclose their own dishonest and violent behaviour, • Graham and Bowling (1995), • Sharp and Budd (2005),

14. Ethnicity, racism and the CJS • There are ethnic differences at each stages of the CJS. • How can we explain them ? • How far are they the result of racism within the criminal justice system? • 10 stages to the CJS stages.

15. Policing • Phillip and Bowling (2007)

16. Stop and Search • British Crime Survey (BCS), • Terrorism Act (2000) • Phillips and Bowling (2007) • Asians more likely to be stopped and search under the terrorism act, • Black people more likely to be stopped and search than white. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IzzDSW7UY-g

17. Explaining stop and search patterns • 3 possible factors: • Police Racism: McPherson Report (1999) – Stephen Lawrence • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-kVCTbuRMg • Ethnic Differences in offending – Low and high discretion ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ • Demographic Factors:.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

18. Arrest and Cautions • ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

19. Prosecution and Trial • ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

20. Conviction and Sentencing • .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

21. Pre-sentences reports • .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

22. Prisons • .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

23. Explaining the differences in offending • Large upscale migration from the Caribbean and the Indian subcontinent(1950s), • General agreement in the 1970s that ethnic minorities had a lower rate of offending, • Mid 1970s increased conflict between Afro-Caribbean communities and the police (black criminality), • 1990’s growth of “Asian gangs” which leads to Asian people to be viewed as a problem and an enemy within: • Riots in Bradford (2001), • Islamic Terrorist 9/11

24. Explaining the differences in offending • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kte0T-nPAT4 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fhjy9TV4wuo • Statistics on the CJS ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

25. 2 explanations for the ethnic differences in statistics – left realism and neo-marxism • Using the handout “explanations for ethnic minority crime” and your handout put together a spider diagram which sums up the standpoint of Lea and Young (Left realism), Gilroy (Neo-Marxism) and Hall (Neo Marxism) • You have 10 minutes to complete this task be ready to feedback.

26. Left Realism

27. Neo-Marism

28. Hall et al

29. Ethnicity and victimisation • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5zumq0iUyMQ&feature=related • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bFO1b9I-u5Q • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqbQWxHIn4U

30. Ethnicity and victimisation • Focus of the ethnicity and crime debate focused on the over representation of black people, • New focus on racist victimisation, • Stephen Lawrence (1993) & the McPherson inquiry (1999) • 2 sources: • British Crime Survey (BCS), • Police recorded statistics

31. What is one of the issues with the use of police recorded statistics as reliable and valid sources of data ?

32. E and V continued .... • Racist incidents ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ • Racially or religious aggravated assault ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ • Add video

33. Extent and risk of victimisation • Police recorded 61,000 racist incidents in England and Wales in 2006/2007 (property offences and verbal harassment), • However most crimes go unreported, BCS counted 184,000 racially motivated incidents in 2006/2007, • Police recorded 42,600 racially or religiously aggravated offences in 2006/2007 only 10,600 people were cautioned or prosecuted for racially aggravated offences.

34. Methods link • Read through the small passage and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of using interview in order to gather data in the context of ethnicity and crime ?

35. Chances of being a victim of crime varies by ethnic groups. • What sort of crime would each ethnic minority you can think of be a victim of? • Various factors can explain the differences such as unemployment. • Statistics fail to capture the victim’s experiences of crime, • Sampson and Phillips (1992)

36. Responses to victimisation • Ethnic minorities are very responsive to victimisation, • Wide range of responses put in place to protect ethnic minorities, • Police tends to ignore the racist dimension of victimisation and fail to report or investigate properly, • Macpherson Inquiry (1999) concluded that the police investigation into the death of the black teenager.

37. Plenary • Pub Quiz