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Al Jumhuriyah al Arabiyah as Suriyah

Al Jumhuriyah al Arabiyah as Suriyah. aka Syrian Arab Republic. Political map. History. 2000 B.C. Earliest recorded records of Syrian civilization 636 A.D. Arab conquest of Syria and introduction of Islam 1516 A.D. – 1922 A.D. Ottoman Turk rule 1922 A.D. – 1946 A.D. French mandate

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Al Jumhuriyah al Arabiyah as Suriyah

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  1. Al Jumhuriyah al Arabiyah as Suriyah aka Syrian Arab Republic

  2. Political map

  3. History • 2000 B.C. Earliest recorded records of Syrian civilization • 636 A.D. Arab conquest of Syria and introduction of Islam • 1516 A.D. – 1922 A.D. Ottoman Turk rule • 1922 A.D. – 1946 A.D. French mandate • 1946 A.D. – 1962 A.D. Dictatorship, Union with Egypt, and anarchy • 1963 A.D. – Present Ba’th Party Dominance

  4. CJ System in Brief • Laws come from Islamic, Ottoman Turk, and French sources • Government consists of executive, judicial, and legislative branches (in theory) • Ruled by Ba’th party control, with broad presidential powers (in reality) • Mainly concerned with state security, not crime

  5. Crime • Two categories: real crime and political crime • Low rates of conviction for real crime • Huge population of those convicted of or held for political crimes • 1985: 187,944 convictions for violations of penal law; less than ¼ for real crimes

  6. Legal System • Based on Islamic Law (Shari’ah), civil law system, with special religious courts • Constitution provides for freedom of speech, assembly, and religion • Laws handed down from President and Ba’th Party (in reality) • Under “state of emergency (Hala al-Tawari’)” rule • Provides for suspension of all rights

  7. Judiciary • Synthesis of Ottoman, French, and Islamic laws • Based mostly on French legal traditions • Religious courts try matters of personal status: marriage, divorce, adultery • Three tiered court system: Court of Cassation, appeals courts, and courts of first instance • High Judicial Council appoints justices; President presides over High Judicial Council and appoints members of High Judicial Council • Judiciary forbidden to revoke laws popularly endorsed and sponsored by the President

  8. Corrections • Divided into criminal offenders and political prisoners • Segregated into separate facilities • Criminal offenders enjoy “adequate” treatment (food, water, shelter) but with torture • Political offenders (over 4,000; mostly associated with non-Ba’thist parties or members of Muslim Brotherhood) may use bathroom twice a day at designated times, get cold shower once a week, and receive inadequate food, water, and almost no shelter (open roof, etc…) • Capital punishment is common for political prisoners

  9. Policing • Divided between a Gendarmerie, or civil police, and the Mukhabarat, or state security • Gendarmerie under authority of Minister of Interior; usually law abiding (i.e. no torture) • Mukhabarat under authority of emergency governor (President); use torture, unlawful detention without trial, summary execution • Gendarmerie paid poorly; Mukhabarat among the richest Syrians

  10. Future • Population growing more quickly than economy • Government must reform CJ system if is to survive

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