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Understanding Micrologic

Understanding Micrologic. Contents. Range Protection against overloads Protection against short-circuits Protection against insulation faults Hardware Metering Others functions Monitoring and/or protection of loads Load shedding and reconnection Programmable controller Harmonic

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Understanding Micrologic

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  1. Understanding Micrologic

  2. Contents • Range • Protection against overloads • Protection against short-circuits • Protection against insulation faults • Hardware • Metering • Others functions • Monitoring and/or protection of loads • Load shedding and reconnection • Programmable controller • Harmonic • Asic and microprocessor self-protection

  3. MicrologicRange Micrologic 6. 0 P Measurement type version Current protection type Without Measurement type P A H Current protection type 5.0 H 6.0 H 7.0 H 5.0 P 6.0 P 7.0 P 2.0 A 5.0 A 6.0 A 7.0 A 2 : Distribution L, I 5 : Selective L, S, I 6: Selective and ground fault L, S, I, G 7 : Selective and earth leakage L, S, I, V 2.0 5.0 Return to contents

  4. Protection against overloadsphases LT setting • Long-time protection (i²t) of the phases and the neutral • Protect against premature ageing of cables • Adjustable setting range using rating plugs • standard : 0.4 - 1, low : 0.4 - 0.8, High : 0.8 - 1, plug OFF • Setting to within one Amp with keypad or via Communication é8 Protection against risk of fire

  5. Protection against overloadsneutral conductor • Neutral protection • Adjustment : • by three position dial on the 4th pole : 4P 3D, 3D+N/2, 4P 4D • by keypad : OFF, 1/2, Full, 1.6 (3 pole breaker only) • Settings : • N/2 : IrN = 1/2 IrP, IsdN = 1/2 IsdP, IiN = IiP, IgN = IgP • 1.6N : IrN = 1.6 IrP, IsdN = 1.6 IsdP, IiN = IiP, IgN = IgP • Oversized neutral protection • protection against 3rd-order harmonics summed up in the neutral conductor • 3Pole breaker only

  6. Protection against overloads3rd harmonic in neutral conductor

  7. Protection against overloadsIDMTL • Long-time protection of the phases IDMTL type (Inverse definite minimum time lag) • High voltage fuse • Extremely inverse time • Very inverse time • Standard inverse time • Definite time Improvement of discrimination with HV fuses Better protection of switchgears Return to contents

  8. Protection against short-circuits • Short-time protection • For low impedance short-circuits (80% of faults) • I²t ON to improve discrimination with downstream protection, inverse time protection up to 10Ir • Instantaneous protection • For solid short-circuits • N1 and H1 breaker : OFF position inhibits the instantaneous protection • H2, H3 and L1 breaker : OFF postion = DIN value (shown on screen) • RMS measurement with 20ms fixed time delay ST pick-up ST delay Inst. pick-up Protection against risk of damage

  9. Protection against short-circuits Zone selective interlocking (ZSI) • Principle : • ZSI enables the control units to communicate with each other. The system is able to locate the short circuit or ground fault and clear it. • Functionning : • ZSI allows the circuit breaker to ignore its preset delay when necessary. The fault is cleared by the nearest upstream circuit breaker with no intentional time delay. • Advantages : • Faster tripping time without sacrificing coordination • Limitation of system stress by reducing amount of let through energy. Maximum : 100 circuit breakers interconnected whatever the configuration Return to contents

  10. Protection against insulation faultsGround fault • Ground fault protection • Micrologic 6.0P • Made mandatory by NEC • Residual current Source Ground Return Ig Prevent risk of fire

  11. Protection against insulation faultsEarth leakage New • Earth-leakage protection • Micrologic 7.0P • Mandatory per standards NFC 15100 and IEC 364 • In a TT system, protects property against low level fault currents • In a TNS system, protects installations where long cables are installed Return to contents

  12. Opto Com Hardware Principle and power supply ZSI M2C/M6C COM Module ASIC Basic protection L S I G V Microprocessor Additional functions (monitoring, measurement, analyses...) Synchronous Exchange data Mitop Air CT Isolation Plugs : Calibre/ perform. Optical coupling Iron CT Power supply Trip unit power supply Surplus Optional external 24V DC power supply for : programmable contact power supply and when breaker is open : • Powers display, • Identification, adjustments through “Com” module Test kit Standard Internal voltage sensor <690v or optional external voltage sensor for µP power supply and measurement 24V DC BUS power supply Return to contents

  13. MeteringPrinciple Refresh Sampling 544µs 1 s 1s Integration Instant. data 15 s (sliding) 5..60 min (fixed) 5 to 60 min Integration Demand data Return to contents

  14. 10ms RMS measurement • Sampling frequency : • 1838Hz • One measurement point every 544µs • 36 points per cycle • RMS value calculation 20ms

  15. Others functionsPrinciple Meter Monitor Programmable Controller Logging: Data Logs Historical Data Maintenance Data Instant. data IRMS P Q S EP EQ Min / Max Max I1 : Min f17 Thresholds (pickup & dropout) Demand Iavg Pavg Relay Activation M2C/M6C Breaker trip Mitop Return to contents

  16. Demand measurementsfixed or sliding window • fixed window • Measurement of active reactive and apparent power • time intervals programmable between 5mn and 1h • values are refreshed at the end of the time interval • Sliding window • Measurement of current and active reactive and apparent power • time intervals programmable between 5mn and 1h • values are refreshed every 15 sec sliding fixed 5mn to 1h t 15s

  17. Power factor PF • Power factor • PF = P/S P: active powerS: apparent powerNota : cos ф= P1/S1P1 : Fundamental active powerS1 : Fundamental apparent power apparent power S kVA reactive power Q kvar active power P kW

  18. Reactive Power Reactive Power Watts - VArs + P.F + Watts + VArs + P.F - Watts - VArs + P.F + Watts + VArs + P.F + Watts - VArs - P.F - Watts + VArs - P.F + Watts - VArs - P.F + Watts + VArs - P.F - Power factor PFSign convention Reactive Power Watts - VArs + P.F - Watts + VArs + P.F + Active Power Active Power Active Power Watts - VArs - P.F - Watts + VArs - P.F + IEEE : PF sign = - Q sign(P/S) IEEE altenate : PF sign = Q sign(P/S) IEC : PF sign = sign(P/S)

  19. Monitoring and/or protection of loadsbased on current, voltage, power, frequency • Current and voltage unbalance • Maximum current (per phases & neutral) • Minimum / maximum voltage • Minimum / maximum frequency • Reverse power • Phases rotation

  20. Monitoring and/or protection of loads Principle of operation variable T1 Activation threshold Deactivation threshold T2 t Alarm generated by Micrologic

  21. E max Monitoring and/or protection of loads Current unbalance ANSI 46 • Application • Protect rotating machines (motors, generators) operating on balanced three-phase supplies against ageing and slowing • Balance single-phase loads on three-phase distribution systems • Detect phase loss • Principle • the function compares the current unbalance to the threshold previously set by the user, for a time greater than the time delay • Example • I1 = 2500A I2 = 4000A I 3 = 3400A • Iaverage. = 3300A • Emax = I1 - Iave. = 800A • DI = Emax /Iaverage = 24% I average I1 I2 I3

  22. Monitoring and/or protection of loads Maximum current per phase and N • Application • Obtain the maximum current demand in the presence of major load fluctuations (welding machines, crushers, hoists) • Principle • This function calculates the maximum demand value of the current in each Ph and Neutral over a sliding time interval. • The interval can be adjusted between five minutes and one hour. • The value is refreshed every 15s I max demand t1 t2

  23. Monitoring and/or protection of loads Voltage unbalance ANSI 47 • Application • Protect loads against vibrations, temperature rise and premature ageing • Principle • The function compares the voltage unbalance to the threshold previously set by the user, for a time greater than the time delay. • Example • U12 = 330v • U23 = 390v • U31 = 10V • U average. = 243v • Emax = U31 - U average. =233v • DU = Emax /U average. = 96% U average E max U12 U23 U31

  24. U12 U23 U31 Monitoring and/or protection of loads Minimum voltage ANSI 27 • Application • Protect motors against voltage drops resulting in loss of torque and a major increase in the current drawn by the motor • Check the output voltage of a generator… • Principle • The function is activated when one of the phase to phase voltages is below the threshold set by the user, for a time greater than the time delay. • The function is desactivated when all 3 phase are above the threshold. U12 U23 U31 Activation threshold U min dectivation threshold U min

  25. Monitoring and/or protection of loads Minimum voltage ANSI 27 U U max activation threshold (maxi 1200V) U min deactivation threshold T2 T1 U min activation threshold(mini 100V) 100V Alarm t

  26. U12 U23 U31 U12 U23 U31 Monitoring and/or protection of loads Maximun voltage ANSI 59 • Application • Protect loads (motor and transformer) against abnormally high voltages that can result in irreversible damage • Avoid saturation of transformers • Principle • The function is activated when one of the phase to phase voltages is above the threshold set by the user, for a time greater than the time delay • The function is desactivated when all 3 phases are under the threshold Activation threshold U max deativation threshold U max

  27. Monitoring and/or protection of loads Maximum voltage ANSI 27 U 1200V T1 U max activation threshold(maxi 1200V) T2 Deactivation threshold U min activation threshold (mini 100V) Alarm t

  28. Monitoring and/or protection of loads Reverse power ANSI 32P t • Application • Protect diesel engines from generators operating as motors • marine applications, generator sets… • Avoid power transfers between two parallel-connected sources • Principle • The function is activated when the active power flowing in the direction opposite set by the user is greater than the activation threshold for a time greater than the time delay. Activation Reconnection Deactivation Load shedding Reverse power P kW

  29. Monitoring and/or protection of loads Minimum frequency ANSI 81 • Application • Check the frequency of a generator • Check the frequency across the terminals of a motor • Avoid saturation of transformers following a drop in frequency • Principle • The function is activated when the frequency exceeds the set threshold for a time greater than the time delay

  30. Monitoring and/or protection of loads Minimum frequency ANSI 81 F F max activation threshold (maxi 540Hz) T2 F min deactivation threshold T1 F min activation threshold(mini 45Hz) 45Hz Alarm t

  31. Monitoring and/or protection of loads Maximum frequency ANSI 81 • Application • Check the frequency of a generator • Check the frequency across the terminals of a motor • Principle • The function is activated when the frequency exceeds the set threshold for a time greater than the time delay

  32. Monitoring and/or protection of loads Maximum frequency ANSI 81 F 540Hz T1 F max activation threshold(maxi 540Hz) T2 F max deactivation threshold F min activation threshold (mini 45Hz) Alarm

  33. Monitoring and/or protection of loads Phase rotation F2 • Application • Avoid reversed rotation of motors • Check on coupling between generator and distribution system (phase sequence) • Principle • The function compares the actual phase sequence with the selected sequence • Alarm only • Not available if the 400 Hz frequency is set F1 F3

  34. Load shedding and reconnectionbased on current t • Application • Ensure the continuity of service of priority circuits by disconnecting non-priority loads • Principle • The function is activated when the current exceeds the set threshold for a time greater than the time delay reconnection shedding I

  35. Load shedding and reconnectionbased on power P kW • Application • Ensure the continuity of service of priority circuits by disconnecting non-priority loads • Principle • The function is activated when the power exceeds the set threshold for a time greater than the time delay 10MW Activation Deactivation 100 kW t Alarm shedding reconnection

  36. Programmable controllerAlarms and relay outputs with distinct thresholds Activation T1 • Alarm • on supervisor via Com module • activation and desactivation after a programmable time delay • M2C or M6C relay outputs • without latching ==> follows the state of the alarm • with temporary latching • programmable from 1s to 6mn • with permanent latching ==> needs a resetting Deactivation T2 t Alarm Relays without latching Relays with temporary latching from 1s to 360s possible Resetting Relays with permanent latching Reset

  37. T1 Programmable controller Alarms and relay outputs with identical thresholds • Alarm • on supervisor via Com module • activation and desactivation after a programmable time delay • M2C or M6C relay outputs • without latching ==> follows the state of the alarm • with temporary latching • programmable from 1s to 6mn • with permanent latching ==> needs to be reset Activation/ T2 Deactivation Alarm Relays without latching from 1s to 360s Relays with temporary latching possible resetting Relays with permanent latching Reset

  38. HarmonicDefinition A periodic signal is a combination of : • The original sinusoidal signal at the fundamental frequency • Other sinusoidal signals (the harmonics) with frequencies that are whole-number multiples of the fundamental frequency • A DC component, where applicable Return to contents

  39. HarmonicOrigin and effects • OriginHarmonics are caused by non linear loads such as : • Welding machines • arc/induction furnaces • Variable speed drive • office equipment (computer, copy machine, neon lighting…) • EffectsThe flow of harmonics in distribution systems can cause serious problems such as : • Increased currents (oversized neutral) • Additional losses and premature aging • Disturbances to loads due to voltage harmonics • Disturbances in communication networks Return to contents

  40. HarmonicQuality indicators • These indicators are the indispensable tools used to determine any required corrective action : • Measurement of the fundamental • Phase displacement of the fundamental • Harmonic distorsion THD • cos ф, power factor • K factor, crest factor • Distorsion power, distorsion factor • Amplitude spectrum up to order 31 st • Displacement spectrum Return to contents

  41. Harmonic Total Harmonic Distortion • Current THD% • Current per phase • Neutral current • Voltage THD% • Phase to phase voltage • Phase - Neutral voltage

  42. Harmonic Fast Fourier Transfert • Current harmonics • each phase plus neutral • up to 31st order • Voltage harmonics • phase to phase • phase to Neutral • up to 31st order Return to contents

  43. Harmonic Waveform capture (WFC) • Triggered manually • 4 cycles • magnitude I : [ 0- 1.5 In] • magnitude V: [0- 690V] • 64 points /cycle • Triggered on event (alarm > 1s) • 4 cycles (on supervisor) • magnitude I : [ 0- 1.5 In] • magnitude V: [0- 690V] • 64 points /cycle • triggered by a fault • 11/13 cycles (50/60 Hz) • magnitude I : [ 0- 20 In] • magnitude V: [0- 690V] • 18/15 points /cycle (50/60 Hz) WFC available through the COM option only

  44. µPro Auto-test µPro & automatic reset Asicwatchdog Maintenance log time recording : Asic maxi temperature ASIC error code Asic and microprocessor self-protection ASIC Self protection : - temperature - power supply deficiency Data exchange reading

  45. Asic and microprocessor self-protection • ASIC self protection • resulting in a circuit breaker tripping : • excessive temperature >120° • ASIC power supply deficiency (overvoltage) • Indication : • LED Ap « ON » • display of error code on LCD screen • Events log recording ===>supervisor • µP self protection • never trip the circuit-breaker • Memory check sum • Time-out • Detection by the µPro of a serial link failure between µP and the ASIC • Indication : • Events log recording ===>supervisor (if communication still healthy)

  46. That ‘s all for today ! Isn ’t it simple and nice ?

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