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Changes in Japan

Changes in Japan. Background Meiji Restoration 1868 -end the rule of Tokugawa Shogunate -power was in hands of Oligarchs -started the Meiji Modernization 1868. Meiji Modernization 1868 -slogans: “Rich country, Strong Army”, “Colonization and Industry” & “Civilization and Enlightenment”

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Changes in Japan

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  1. Changes in Japan

  2. Background Meiji Restoration 1868 -end the rule of Tokugawa Shogunate -power was in hands of Oligarchs -started the Meiji Modernization 1868

  3. Meiji Modernization 1868 -slogans: “Rich country, Strong Army”, “Colonization and Industry” & “Civilization and Enlightenment” -carried out reforms-constitutional, Economic, education, military, legal reforms -very successful-Japan as “the Britain in The East”

  4. 20th Century-Political Condition

  5. 1. A constitutional monarchy mixed • with Japanese traditions • Emperor • Army & navy • Genro • The Privy Council • Diet-House of Peers & House of • Representatives • Prime minister & Cabinet

  6. The Meiji Constitution 1889 -Ito Hirobumi & mission -Prussian model with monarchy as the Focus -practised until 1945 -[study the chart on p.197]

  7. Comment on Meiji Constitution: -many shortcomings! 1. Emperor enjoyed too much power 2. Genro (elder statesmen) retained control Over policies through giving advice to Emperor.

  8. 3. Diet was powerless. The House of Peers • Was dominated by genros. • 4. There was • limited suffrage (2% only men paying tax • Could vote) • 5. The prime minister was responsible to • The emperor • Superficially democratic & gave rise To crises in 1912-3.

  9. The Taisho Political Crisis 1912-3 Background: -rise of middle educated class -ideas of liberty and democracy popular -”Organic Theory” & “Theory of Universal Manhood Suffrage” emerged

  10. Organic Theory: -the emperor was an organ -government should be responsible to that Organ, but the government responsible To the citizens.

  11. Theory of Universal Manhood Suffrage: -Universal Suffrage League -general election to the cabinet -vetoed by House of Peers (Genro) & the League was dismantled in 1921.

  12. The Crisis -Taisho became the new emperor -the prime minister rejected the military Ministry’s request for increased military Spending. -Army minister resigned, prime minister Resigned & new cabinet dissolved. -Katsura Taro (warlord) was appointed As the New prime minister and formed a New Cabinet.

  13. Opposition to Katsura -public & political parties & “Movement To Protect Constitutional Government” Called Katsura to resign. -Katsura urged Taisho to issue an edict To suppress the opposition. -the Diet condemned Katsura and was Suspended. -When the Diet reopened, 6000 people Supported the Diet. Katsura dissolved The Diet.

  14. -The Diet cast “non-confidence” vote Against the prime minister. -Unable to pacify the mass, Katsura Resigned and his cabinet dissolved.

  15. Significance of Taisho Crisis: • First time the prime minister • And cabinet was overthrown by mass-> • Saw the importance of mass support to the • Cabinet. • 2. Saw the importance of army->affect the • Cabinet without its support. rise • Of army’political status and rise of • Militarism in Japan in the 1930s.

  16. 2. Rise of political parties -industrialization-> industrialists & professionals, middle class & intellectuals discontented with fake democracy -many oligarchs died -world democratic trend -Hara Kei the first civilian prime minister responsible for the Diet. -1920s, party rule

  17. 3. Foreign policies & expansions -for raw materials & overseas market -not very aggressive -1900-Allied Expedition, 1902-Anglo- Japanese Alliance, 1904-Russo-Japanese War, 1910-colonized Korea -1914-WWI-Shandong

  18. 20th Century- Diplomatic Condition

  19. The Anglo Japanese Alliance 1902 • Motives of Japan: • Revenge [Liaodong] after the • “Triple Intervention”in 1895 (Sino- • Japanese War) • 2. Conflict with / Threat from Russia in • Korea and Manchuria • 3. Strengthened her power against Russia • In the future.

  20. Motives of Britain: • Needed an ally to protect her interest • In China and to check Russia in the Far • East. • 2. Found being isolated in Europe • [Triple Entente & Triple Alliance 1897] • 3. Challenge from Germany

  21. Significance of the Alliance: • To Britain: • Ended her isolation policy • Got an ally • To Japan: • Dared to challenge Russia with strong • Backing->sped up Russo-Japanese War. • 2. Raised Japan’s international status • [first alliance between an Asia and • A European country]

  22. The Russo-Japanese War 1904-5 • Events leading to the war • The Russian Expansion of Manchuria-endangered the interest of Japan • The Anglo-Japanese Alliance 1902 • Battle of Tsushima Straits

  23. Treaty of Portsmouth • -no indemnity was paid • -signed with the mediation of Roosevelt • -p.204 • Significance: • Impact on Japan—rising status • Impact on Russia—great humiliation- • 1905 Russian Revolution • 3. Impact on China—suffered most • 4. Impact on Korea---became independent • more likely under Japan’s conquest

  24. The First World War 1914 -an ally of Britain -consolidated her world power status -occupied the German base in Shandong [Jiaozhou Bay]/ Act to revenge on Germany in Triple Intervention in 1895.

  25. The Twenty One Demands 1915 -with Yuan Shikai -5 groups (notes) -Britain & US protested->Japan deleted 5th group. -Yuan accepted in return for Japan’s support to his monarchical Movement -Japan replaced Britain as the most influential power in China.

  26. Group 1: transfer of German rights in Shandong to Japan Group 2: special interests in Manchuria And Mongolia Group 3: Mining rights in Changjiang Valley Group 4: no cession or lease of Chinese Coastal territories to any power Group 5: Japanese interference into China’s internal affairs

  27. Secret Alliances with other powers 1916-7 • To keep Japan on the side of Triple • Entente • Russia recognized 21 Demands • Britain & France recognized her interests • In Shandong and in ex-German colonies • 3. US signed Lansing Ishii Agreement , • Not to oppose Japanese special claims • In China

  28. Paris Peace Conference 1919 • Significance on Japan’s diplomatic status • The powers agreed to transfer the • Rights in Shandong to Japan. The ex German • Pacific Island became the mandated territory • Of the League of Nations, under the control of • Japan.

  29. 2. She became a respected member of International community. Japan was Recognized as one of the permanent Members of the League.

  30. Washington Conference 1921 Why? -settle the problem in East Asia -develop a new order of peace in East Asia -deal with the Shandong problem -set up a new balance of power -end the Japanese-American naval arms race -terminate the Anglo-Japanese Alliance

  31. Four Power Pact (text) Five Power Pact Nine Power Pact

  32. Result: -limit the number and tonnage of its capital ships -observe the open-door policy of the US on China -not to renew the Anglo-Japanese Alliance -agreed to respect the integrity of China and Withdraw troops from Shandong.

  33. Impact on Japan -Her expansion was temporarily checked -attack on the “weak-kneed” diplomatic policy -paved for the rise of militarist government

  34. 20th Century-Social Condition

  35. Think About? • What do you think of the condition of • The following in early 20th century: • Freedom • Freedom of women • Education standard • Urbanization • Workers’ condition

  36. Background: • No class division [shogun-daimyo- • Peasants-artisans-merchants] • 2. Highest rate of literacy->middle • Educated class • 3. Rising status of women • 4. Urge for democracy

  37. C. Social Conditions 1. A society of limited freedom -”Peace Preservation Law” to suppress any ideas that threatened the reign of the emperor. 2. Higher education standard in Asia -1907, 6 years of education -school system of primary, secondary and universities.

  38. 3. Rapid urbanization and great differences between cities and villages -big industrial cities, e.g Yokohama, Nagoya, Osaka, etc. 4. Poor livelihood and social unrest -workers (cotton mill) & tenant peasants (land tax 4%-17.5% in R-J War time)

  39. Examples of Social Movements

  40. The Rice Riot 1918 -government’s policy favoured Zaibatsu -mass protested against the increase in the Price of rice -showed the power of mass

  41. The Labour Organization -Suzuki Bunji, Christian socialist formed “Friendly Society” in 1921, advocating Harmonious relationships between Employers and employees. -By 1918, number of members rose to 30000.

  42. -after 1919, more labour organizations Rose. -the capitalists and government suppressed Them -they became more radical. -”Friendly Society” was split into two factions And renamed as “Japan Federation of Labour” in 1921.

  43. The Women’s Movement -1911, “Bluestocking Society” & magazine “Bluestocking” To spread idea of women’s liberation. -Three key actresses gained popularity And changed the old concepts.

  44. -1920, “New Women’s Association” was Formed & magazine “Women’s Union”. They asked for amendment to Article 5 To allow women joining political parties And activities. -it was finally dissolved.

  45. The Taisho Democratic Movement • -divided into two camps: political parties • & the popular movement and its leaders • -1924, unified under the Kato cabinet • 1925 “General Election Law” allowed • The proletarian party to participate in • Elections.

  46. 20th Century-Economic Condition

  47. Background: -Meiji Modernization-Industrial Development -mainly government run industries and Light industries -later the government sold the non- Military industries to private enterprises At low prices, e.g. Mitsubishi, Yasuda, Mitsui, Sumitomo, etc.

  48. B. Economic Conditions 1. Economic ups & downs -economic ups & downs related with foreign wars -victories--financial problems/ overspending--issued bonds and increased taxes. Tax increased by 50% in R-J War and by 100% in second year.

  49. -After R-J War, Japan seized railway and mining rights in Manchuria--angered Chinese--boycott Japanese goods. -During WWI, occupied Shandong and controlled railways + dominated the chinese market and sold necessities to the western powers.

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