Imperialism in Japan

1. Imperialism in Japan By: Satesh Bissoondial, Aliyah Bynoe, Mark Shorter,Kelwyn Lyken, and Angel Glover.

2. Vocabulary Words Meiji Restoration: A turning point in Japanese history in 1868 when the last shogun was overthrown and the emperor assumed direct control over the nation. Sino-Japanese War: Japan’s imperialistic war against China to gain control of natural resources and markets for their goods. Russo-Japanese War: War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Protectorate: A country or region that is controlled by a more powerful country. World War II: A war fought in Europe, Africa and Asia between the Allied Powers of Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States against the Axis Powers of Germany, Italy, and Japan.

3. Vocabulary Words Isolation: A policy of avoiding political or military involvement with other countries. Imperialism: When a strong nation takes over a weaker nation or region and dominates its economic, political, or cultural life. Nationalism: The belief that people should be loyal mainly to their nation-that is, to the people whom they share a culture and history with. Social Darwinism: The application of Charles Darwin’s ideas about evolution and “survival of the fittest”, to human societies particularly as justification for imperialist expansion. Treaty of Kanagawa: A contract signed by Japan in the year 1854 allowing trade with the United States.

4. Where was Japan before imperialism? Before the year of 1853 Japan enjoyed two centuries of peace. They were close enough to China to feel the effect of its progress but, they too far from China to be invaded. However, Japan during this time was not a united country. Different territories were watched over by different clans. The most powerful one was the Tokugawa shogunate. However, once western countries started to invade Japan, the Tokugawa shoguate was blamed and were driven out.

5. Feudal Japan’s System Emperor Diamyos Samurai Peasants

6. Japan gets Imperialized In the year of 1853 Commodore Matthew Perry along with a fleet of ships under his command, was sent by the United States to help end Japan’s isolation. Perry’s goal was to establish a trading system with Japan. Other countries such as Britain, Russia, and Holland soon followed and tried to establish a trading system with Japan as well.

7. Meiji Restoration Background • Before the Meiji Restoration started Japan traded its old feudal system for a written constitution. • Newly developed western technology helped Japan industrialize itself in less than 50 years. • Japan began to build up its machinery and its armed forces. • “Meiji” also means ‘Enlightened Rule.’

8. Meiji Restoration • In the year 1868 Emperor Mutsushito was given back his throne. • He believed that in order to keep Japan safe they had to adopt western ways. • This was the beginning stage for Japan, who would no longer be taken over by other countries. But instead imperialize other nations.

9. Japan Vs. China The “Sino-Japanese War”, was Japan's first war after coming out of an isolation that lasted around two centuries. They fought for natural resources and trading rights on mainland of Asia. Japan had emerged victorious and shocked the world. However during this war Japan had managed to start a conflict with Russia as well. The war lasted from 1894-1895.

10. Great Britain, Japan and the Naval Alliance After the Sino-Japanese war and before the Russo-Japan war an alliance between Great Britain and Japan emerged. Both countries had financial, political and industrial investments in China and Korea. In order to protect these investments an alliance was made. Known as the Anglo-Japanese Naval Treaty, this would be the first of three treaties, signed between the two nations in a span of twenty years.

11. Japan’s Roles In World War 1 Background • There were two alliances by 1914. One was the Triple Entente - Great Britain, France, and Russia. The other was the Triple Alliance - Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. Austria-Hungary’s declaration of war against Serbia had an effect on this alliance system. Because of this, a large amount of Europe joined World War 1. • On August 1st, the Germans declared war on Russia. 2 days after, war was declared on France. • There were two sides. Austria Hungary and Germany were on one side (Central Powers) and on the other side was France, Britain, and Russia. (Allies) • Within weeks, Japan joined the Allied powers.

12. Japan’s Roles In World War 1 • European conflict was not the only aspect of World War 1. Australia and Japan were on the Allies side. The Ottoman Turks and Bulgaria became allied with Germany and the Central Powers. • In Asia and Africa, the Japanese overran German outposts in China. Germany's Pacific island colonies were also captured. • In 1917 America declared war on Germany, siding with the Allies, because of the Zimmerman Note. It was stated by Germany's foreign secretary, that Germany could help Mexico seize the land it had lost to the United States. But only if Mexico would ally itself with Germany. • Food and fuel shortages made Czar Nicholas of Russia step down. A new government was established and they wanted to continue fighting. 5.5 million Russian soldiers were hurt or killed. The Russians ended up refusing to fight any longer. • By May 1918, the German military was weakened by the time they reached the Marne River. The Allies launched a counterattack. • In July 1918, the second Battle of The Marne took place. Allied tanks smashed through German lines and 2 million more American troops arrived. The Bulgarians and Ottoman turks surrendered. • In 1919, Germany declared itself a Republic. On November 11th, Germany and France signed an armistice, they both agreed to stop fighting . World War 1 was ended.

13. Japan Vs Russia • Known as the Russo-Japanese war, the war lasted from 1904-1905. • Japan destroyed Russian naval forces at Tsushima and Port Arthur. • Russia’s only navy base was captured in January 1905. • By doing this Japan marked the first time an Asian nation defeated a European Nation in battle.

14. The Island of Sahklin One of the many Islands that Japan and Russia fought over during their battles in WW2. In the year 1875 Japan agreed to let Russia have the island if in return they received the island of Kuril. However in 1905 after the Russo-Japanese War, the Japanese conquered the island northwest of their location. One WW2 ended Russia emerged came claimed back their island driving out the Japanese. Around this time Japan also gave up Korea, Taiwan, and other small regions they had took over.

15. The Treaty of Portsmouth Created after Japan defeated both China and Russia the treaty gave Japan the following… Chinese port city trading rights Control of Manchuria in China Korea became its protectorate Annexation of the island of Sakhalin Japan was able to emerge as a newly founded world-class power while still maintaining its traditional culture.

16. Japan’s Roles in World War 2 Background • Japan wanted an empire.They started to expand in 1931, when Japan had took over Manchuria in China. • 6 years after this, Japanese armies went to China's heartland. • As the war dragged on it hurt Japan's economy. • Japan wanted to use Southeast Asia to increase its resources.

17. Japan’s Roles in World War 2 Cont. • America knew that Japan had plans for Southeast Asia. If Japan seized European colonies there, American controlled Guam and Philippines Islands would be threatened. The US government sent aid for Chinese resistance. • In July 1941 Roosevelt halted oil shipments to Japan after Japan overran French Indochina. • On December 7 1941 the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. 19 ships were sunk or damaged. War was declared on Japan and its Allies. • Almost at the same time, bombing raids were launched by Japan on Hong Kong, Guam, and Wake Islands. • Next they took the Bataan Peninsula in the Philippians after 3 months of fighting American and Filipino forces. Corregidor, an Island south of Bataan fell the month after. • Japan striked British possessions in Asia. Japan seized Hong Kong and invaded Malaya. By February 1942,Singapore surrendered after fierce fighting. Japan conquered the Dutch East Indies in a month and moved west and took Burma. • The US wanted revenge for Pearl Harbor. In April 1942, 16 B-25 bombers bombed Tokyo and other Japanese cities.In the Battle of the Coral Sea, the Allies stopped Japan's Southward movement in a naval battle. • The Battle of Midway, on June 4, was a turning point of the war. 332 Japanese planes were destroyed and the Japanese fleet withdrew.

18. Japan’s Roles In World War 2 Cont. • In the Battle of Guadalcanal, the US seized a Japanese air base in the Solomon Islands after 6 months of fighting in February 1943. • In 1942 President Roosevelt called for internment of Japanese Americans. They were a threat to the country. The military rounded them up and took them to relocation camps. • By 1944, the Allies were dominating Japan. In the Battle of Leyte Gulf, the Japanese navy lost horribly. Now Japan only had the Japanese army and kamikaze, Japanese suicide pilots, left. • In 1945, American marines took Iwo Jima, an Island near Tokyo. • On April 1, US troops went to the Island Okinawa. There Japanese lost over 100,000 troops and the Americans lost 12,000. Next was Japan. • An invasion on Japan would cost the Allies many lives, So Truman decided to use an atomic bomb. They believed it would be the quickest way to end the war. • He warned the Japanese to surrender, and when they didn't, the US dropped an atomic bomb on Nagasaki on August 6 1945. It killed 70,000 people immediately. 3 days later another bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. • Eventually the Japanese surrendered on September 2nd.

19. Japan’s Roles In World War 2 Cont. Post World War 2 • The direct war costs of Japan after World War 2 was $41.3 billion. 1,140,429 of the military were either killed or missing. 953,000 civilians were killed. • General Douglas MacArthur was in charge of the U.S occupation of Japan. He started with demilitarization, forbidding use of Japanese armed forces. • Another process was democratization, creating a government elected by the people. In 1964 he created a new constitution. The empire was turned into a constitutional monarchy. They accepted the constitution. • As a result of this new constitution, the emperor was no longer viewed as divine. • In addition, citizens that were older than 20 could vote. This included woman. • In 1951, a formal peace treaty by the US and 47 other nations was signed with Japan. The US and Japan became Allies.

20. Japan in World War 2 Cont. • On December 7th 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor • In the Philippines, Japanese fliers destroyed most of MacArthur's air force • Japanese forces took Burma, Malaya, Singapore, and the Dutch East Indies in rapid succession. • By March 1942 the Japanese had conquered an empire.

21. Japanese Camps in WW2 • During WW2 over 127,000 Japanese Americans were sent to camps for being of Japanese descent. • The families has to sell their home, businesses, and other personal belongings that they couldn’t take with them. • The conditions were horrible and very difficult to live in. • Even Japanese-American WW1 Veterans were expected to leave their homes. • The cause for this was that many Americans believed that the Japanese were loyal to their homeland, even if they’ve never been there.

22. Fred Korematsu v. United States • Refusing to go the the Japanese-American camps Fred Korematsu continued his life as a U.S citizen. • Changing his name to Clyde Sarah and undergoing eye surgery to look less Japanese, he claimed he was of Hawaiian and Spanish descent. • He was arrested on May 30, 1942. While in prison Ernest Besig asked if he wanted to file a court case. • He was unfortunately convicted guilty, 6-3.

23. Pearl Harbor The Japanese felt like the American base in Hawaii ,was a primary target to eliminate or to weaken severely. America at the time was was an isolationist country, meaning they wanted nothing to do with the war. On December 7, 1941 the Japanese attacked with the element of surprise at exactly 7:55 A.M. The once distant sound of war planes became a loud reality.The first wave of Japanese war planes had 181 planes.There first objective was to take down the American Aircraft so they could not counter the attack. After disabling the majority of American aircrafts 2,335 US servicemen lost their lives most of whom, were still in their pajamas eating breakfast. 1,143 Americans were wounded and 21 U.S battleships were destroyed. America declared war the next day.

24. Post War Japan The two devastating nuclear bombs that brought Japan to its knees are named “Fat Man” and “Little Boy”.The effects it had on Japan are irreversible even until this day. Radiation took its toll on Japan.Many babies were being born mutated even today,due to the radiation.

25. Post War Japan “Little boy” killed about 70,000 in Hiroshima on the 6th of August 1945.Emperor Hirohito did not get the message.The Americans gave him 3 days to surrender.August 9, 1945 “Fat Man” dropped on Nagasaki killing 40,000.It took 110,000 (mostly civilian) lives to convince the emperor he couldn't win the war.

28. Think-Write-Discuss Which event do you feel was worse? The bombing at Pearl Harbor or the bombings at Hiroshima and Nagasaki? Explain.

29. Political Cartoons

30. Japan’s New Flag On February 27th, in the year 1870 Japan adopted a new flag. The flag is either called Nisshoki, which translates to sun mark flag. Or its called Hinomaru, which means “circle of the sun.”

31. Modern Day Japan Today modern Japan has given many things to the western side of the world, and its culture is commonly seen. For example, games such as Super Mario and Pacman came from Japan. It was also Japan who provided us with Anime shows such as Avatar: The Last Airbender and of course Pokemon. Japan is also popular for their movies. One of the most famous being Godzilla. Another part of modern Japan that is commonly seen is the art of origami. However, a lot of people know Japan for their fighting style. Judo, Kendo, and Sumo are just three of the many forms of fighting. Something else from Japan which a lot of people had seen is the Bonsai tree. With limited space the Japanese invented a way to garden trees inside their house by placing them in a pot.

32. The End

33. Resources http://www.thenagain.info/webchron/World/BritainJapan.html http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/main_pop/kpct/kp_koreaimperialism.htm http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/518705/Sakhalin-Island http://www.japan-zone.com/culture/bonsai.shtml http://www.ushistory.org/us/51e.asp http://korematsuinstitute.org/institute/aboutfred/internmentcases/fred-kore matsu-v-united-states/