Hydrologic Modeling for Watershed Analysis and River Restoration

1. Hydrologic Modeling for Watershed Analysis and River Restoration David Tarboton http://www.engineering.usu.edu/dtarb/ dtarb@cc.usu.edu

2. Learning Objectives • Review what you learned yesterday • be familiar with the sources for hydrologic, hydrographic and watershed data useful for watershed analysis • be familiar with hydrologic models and geographic information system tools useful for watershed analysis • be familiar with geomorphologic models for landslides, erosion and calculation of sediment inputs • questions to ask when applying or looking at results from a watershed model

3. P ET Gin Q S Gout The role of watershed processes in runoff and sediment production Short time scale water balance Retention How do watershed land use changes impact retention?

4. SCS Curve Numbers to Quantify Retention CN=100 80 90 70 60 50 40 30 20

5. Grid based terrain flow data model Grid network Eight direction pour point model D8 4 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 5 6 7 1 1 4 3 3 1 8 1 2 1 1 12 Drainage Area 1 1 1 2 16 2 1 3 6 25

6. Key Take Home Message • The GIS grid based terrain flow data model enables the representation of flow processes at and near the earth surface and derivation of a wide variety of information useful for the study of hydrologic processes.

7. What you learned in the exercise • ArcGIS, Bare Essentials • To learn more see http://www.esri.com, http://campus.esri.com/, http://www.engineering.usu.edu/dtarb/giswr/. • Watershed delineation using TauDEM • To learn more see http://www.engineering.usu.edu/dtarb/taudem. • http://www.engineering.usu.edu/dtarb/giswr/2005/LoganRiverExercise.htm

8. GIS provides an effective way to organize and synthesize multiple data sources and compute watershed attributes

9. Some Cub River GIS Watershed Analysis Findings • Watershed Area 146.9 x 106 m2 = 57.4 mi2 (c.f. USGS gauge area 53.7 mi2) • PRISM Mean Annual Precipitation 650 mm = 25.6 in.

10. More Cub River Watershed Analysis Findings • USGS Mean Annual Streamflow based on 12 years of data, 1940-1952: 64.6 cfs

11. More Cub River Watershed Analysis Findings StreamStats Regional Regression Hortness, J. E., and Berenbrock, C, 2001, Estimating Monthly and Annual Streamflow Statistics at Ungaged Sites in Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources-Investigations Report 01-4093, 36 p. Uncertainty !!

12. We did not get to • Flow distance to streams

13. We did not get to • Raster Calculation [cubiddist] < 200

14. We did not get to • Land Cover tabulation in buffer zone

15. Roles for Hydrologic Models • Make predictions (of the future) • Quantify and test theories • Evaluate potential outcomes from management alternatives

16. Watershed restoration limitations • Human population growth • Land use • Topography • Climate

17. Realistic Watershed management / alteration / restoration options • Best management practices • Buffer strips • Zoning • Flow (de) regulation

18. Data Sources for Quantification of model inputs and management alternatives • Climate • Geospatial

19. Hydrology Data Layers Streams Drainage Areas Hydrography Channels Terrain Surfaces Rainfall Digital orthophotos

20. National Hydro Data Programs National Elevation Dataset (NED) National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) http://seamless.usgs.gov/ http://nhd.usgs.gov/ NED-Hydrology Watershed Boundary Dataset http://edcnts12.cr.usgs.gov/ned-h/index.html

21. http://seamless.usgs.gov/ DEMs NLCD NHD Topographic Maps

23. National Land Cover Dataset http://landcover.usgs.gov/nationallandcover.html Get the data: http://seamless.usgs.gov/

24. USGS National Water Information System Web access to USGS water resources data in real time http://waterdata.usgs.gov/usa/nwis/

26. 1:250,000 Scale Soil Information http://www.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/stat_data.html

27. SSURGO (Soil Survey Geographic Database) developed, maintained and available online (soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov ) by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)

28. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/ncdc.html

29. http://www.ocs.orst.edu/prism/

30. http://www.cuahsi.org

31. http://river.sdsc.edu/HDAS

34. Regional Watershed Information Systems http://www.bearriverinfo.org/

35. Specialized data collection e.g. LIDAR 3-D detail of the Tongue river at the WY/Mont border from LIDAR. Roberto Gutierrez University of Texas at Austin

36. http://www.ncalm.org

37. Models for Hydrology and Runoff • Rational Formula Q = C I A • Unit Hydrographs - HECHMS • Continuous Water and Sediment Simulation - EPA BASINS (HSPF and SWAT) • TOPMODEL • DHSVM

38. http://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software/hec-hms/

39. HEC-HMS Assumptions and Methods • A basin model is constructed by connecting elements comprising • Precipitation Input • Subbasin • Runoff Volume (Infiltration model, e.g. SCS CN, Green-Ampt) • Direct Runoff (Unit Hydrograph) • Baseflow • Reach • Junction • Source • Sink • Reservoir • Diversion

40. http://www.epa.gov/ost/basins/

41. HSPF Comprehensive time series based simulation system designed to accommodate a wide variety of simulation modules

42. Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) • Continuous time Daily Water Balance Simulation • Developed to predict the impact of land management practices on water, sediment and agricultural chemical yields • Physically based • Includes • Climate - weather generator • Snow • Soil temperature • Canopy storage • Infiltration • Evaporation • Erosion (MUSLE)

43. TOPMODEL Beven, K., R. Lamb, P. Quinn, R. Romanowicz and J. Freer, (1995), "TOPMODEL," Chapter 18 in Computer Models of Watershed Hydrology, Edited by V. P. Singh, Water Resources Publications, Highlands Ranch, Colorado, p.627-668. “TOPMODEL is not a hydrological modeling package. It is rather a set of conceptual tools that can be used to reproduce the hydrological behaviour of catchments in a distributed or semi-distributed way, in particular the dynamics of surface or subsurface contributing areas.”

44. TOPMODEL Key Ideas • Surface saturation and soil moisture deficits based on topography • Slope • Specific Catchment Area • Topographic Convergence • Partial contributing area concept • Saturation from below (Dunne) runoff generation mechanism

45. DHSVM http://www.hydro.washington.edu/Lettenmaier/Models/DHSVM/ • Distributed Hydrology-Soil-Vegetation Model • Physically based hydrologic model • Grid-based (DEM) • Two layer canopy for vegetation • Hydrologic effects of vegetation change and forest roads

46. Sediment Production • USLE, MUSLE, RUSLE2, … (http://www.ars.usda.gov/Research/docs.htm?docid=6010) • SINMAP (http://www.engineering.usu.edu/dtarb/sinmap.htm) • SHALSTAB (http://ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/~geomorph/shalstab/)

47. USLE The Universal Soil Loss Equation A = RKLSCP, where, A = soil loss per unit area (t/ha) R = Rainfall-Runoff erositivity (Mj*mm/ha*h*yr) K = Soil erodibility (t*ha*h/ha*Mj*mm) L = Slope length factor S = Slope steepness factor C = Crop (land cover) factor P = Practice (erosion controls) factor

48. SINMAP - Terrain Stability Mapping With Bob Pack. http://www.engineering.usu.edu/dtarb/sinmap.htm

49. Questions to ask about models(What it does) • Are the physics representative of processes in my watershed? • How were the parameters obtained? • Calibration • Out of sample validation (split sample or cross validation) • Reference (lookup based on other attributes) • What are the inputs? • What are the outputs?

50. Questions to ask about models contd.. (Error) • What are the sources of error • Model structural error (differences between physical reality and model equations) • Input data errors • Parameter errors • What is the uncertainty in the inputs? • How does input uncertainty propagate through to the results? • What is the uncertainty in the outputs?