America's Era of Expansion and Reform: America under James Monroe and John Quincy Adams

1. America's Era of Expansion and Reform: America under James Monroe and John Quincy Adams

2. Unit 4: Jacksonian Democracy/ The Young NationChapter 10: The Rise of a New Nation, 1815-1836

3. Hartford Convention, Dec. 1814 • New England states (Federalists) met to discuss their grievances with the govt. • Drafted a set of resolutions suggesting nullification & secession if their demands were not met • Govt. financial assistance to compensate for lost trade • Limit Presidents to a single term • Prohibit the election of two successive presidents from the same state • Proposed a constitutional amendment requiring 2/3 vote in Congress for embargos and war declarations • Led to the demise of the Federalist Party

4. Era of Good Feelings (or Rising Tensions?)

5. Henry Clay’s American System • President Madison wanted a new domestic policy that corrected economic problems & invested in the nation’s future • War Hawk Henry Clay took the initiative & created the nation’s new economic agenda • Strong banking system • Improvements in transportation & communication • Tariffs to protect domestic industries & fund internal improvements

6. Henry Clay’s American System • Led to the charter of the Second Bank of the U.S. • Roads & canals would strengthen the ties between the agricultural and industrial sections of the country • Cumberland Road • Erie Canal

7. The National (Cumberland) Road

8. The Erie Canal

9. Henry Clay’s American System • Tariff of 1816 became our first protective tariff designed to protect our textile industry

10. Supreme Court Cases • Fletcher v. Peck 1810 • McCulloch v. Maryland 1819 • Dartmouth College v. Woodward 1819 • Gibbons v. Ogden 1824 **All gave more power to the federal govt. over the states

11. Election of 1816: End of the Federalist Party

12. United States, 1817

13. Boundary Treaties, 1818-1819 Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819

14. Missouri Compromise • In 1819, the Missouri Territory applied for statehood • House of Reps. passed the Tallmadge Amendment • No more slaves were allowed in Missouri • Created conflict between the North & the South • Missouri was admitted as a slave state; Maine was admitted as a free state • Closed the remaining territory of the LA Purchase to slavery

15. Missouri Compromise of 1820

16. Election of 1820

17. Monroe Doctrine • In the early 1800s, many colonies in Spanish Latin America became independent republics • Various European countries (except Britain) wanted to help Spain regain their colonies • Americans were sympathetic to democratic revolutions & feared European intervention in the New World

18. Monroe Doctrine • In Monroe’s message to Congress in 1823, he stressed the differences in political systems & incorporated a stern warning to the Europeans • Nonintervention • Noncolonization • He asserted American independence from Europe in foreign policy

19. 1824 Election: A Corrupt Bargain?

20. Election of 1828

21. Andrew Jackson: Champion of the Common Man or “King Andrew”?

22. Andrew Jackson

23. Key Tenets of Jacksonian Democracy • Belief in the common man • Represented the interests of the people, not the special interests of the Eastern elite • Expanded white male suffrage • Nominating conventions replaced legislative caucuses of party leaders • Supported patronage – the policy of placing political supporters in office • “To the victors belong the spoils”

24. Letter From Mrs. Barney to President JacksonBaltimore, June 13,1829 …The Office Harpies who haunted your public walks and your retired moments, from the very dawn of your administration, and whose avidity for office and power made them utterly reckless of the honorable feelings and just right of others, cried aloud for Rotation in office.—Is that magical phrase, so familiar to the demagogues of all nations, and of times, your great and much vaunted principle of Reform? If it be, by what kind of rotary motion is it, that men who have been but a few years, or a few months in office, are swept from the boards while others (your friends) remain, who date their official Calends, perhaps, from the time of Washington? What sort of adaptation of skill to machinery is that which brushes away those only who were opposed to your election, and leaves your friends in full possession? *What is Mrs. Barney’s basic objection to the system of rotation in office?

25. Letter From Mrs. Barney to President JacksonBaltimore, June 13,1829 Your official Organ would impose upon the public the belief that you had adopted the Jeffersonian rule of honesty and capacity, and that incumbents, as well as applicants, were tested by that infallible touchstone.... Yours, therefore, is not the Jeffersonian rule. You ask, respecting incumbents and applicants, other questions than, "is he honest, is he capable?" and the answer to your questions decides the applicability of your rule. By thus ascertaining what your secret rule is not, we may easily come to the discovery of what it is.—Supposing you serious when you say you are controlled by a rule, and that you do not move blindly like other storms, but that you have eyes which see, and ears which hear, and hence that I have not yet described your rule; there remains, however, but one motive which could possibly have governed you—" punishment of your political opponents, and rewards for your friends."—This is your rule, and however you may wish to disguise it, or to deceive the world into the belief that your secret principle is something of a nobler sort, the true one is visible to every eye, and, like a red meteor, beams through your midnight administration, portending and working mischief and ruin. *Why does she claim that Jackson’s “rule” is not the noble “Jeffersonian rule of honesty and capacity”? What does she say Jackson’s “secret rule” really is?

26. Jackson & the Bank • Jackson distrusted the BUS because he thought it was monopolistic • 1832 Jackson vetoed a bill to renew the BUS charter, making him popular with the common people

28. Jackson & the Bank • After winning the 1832 election, Jackson set out to kill the bank • Wanted to illegally withdraw federal funds & redeposit the money into state “pet banks” • Bank Pres. Nicholas Biddle responded by raising interest rates & calling in loans owed by state banks • Results • Led to an increase in the number of state banks that issued their own currency • Pushed the nation toward economic instability & a depression in 1837

29. Jackson & the Indians • Jackson wasn’t in favor of working with the Indians • Even though some had tried to learn the ways of the whites (Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, & Seminoles), he wanted all Indians removed to land west of the Mississippi • Indian Removal Act 1830 provided funds to purchase Indian land & pay for their resettlement in the west

30. Jackson & the Indians • The Cherokees in N. Georgia tried to challenge the removal order • Worcester v. Georgia – Georgia didn’t have the power to invade Indian land & declared Georgia’s laws against the Indians null & void • Jackson refuse to enforce or follow the court’s decision • Trail of Tears

31. Jackson & the Indians

32. The Nullification Crisis • In 1828, Congress passed a new tariff • Southern planters called it the “Tariff of Abominations” • VP John C. Calhoun anonymously published the “South Carolina Exposition & Protest” • Wanted the states to nullify the tariff • 1830 Hayne/Webster Debate • “Whose prerogative is it to decide the constitutionality or unconstitutionality of the laws?”

33. Liberty and Union, Now and Forever, One and Inseparable: Daniel Webster’s Reply to S. Carolina Senator Robert Hayne, 1830 • “…the right of a state to annul a law of Congress cannot be maintained but on the ground of the inalienable man to resist oppression; that is to say, upon the ground of revolution.” *What does Webster say is the only “ground” for which a state can annul a law of Congress? What does he say this “ground” amounts to?

34. “The people, then, Sir, erected this government. They gave it a Constitution, and in that Constitution they have enumerated the powers which they bestow on it.. They have made it a limited government. They have defined its authority. They have restrained it to the exercise of such powers as are granted; and all others, they declare, are reserved to the States or the people. But, Sir, they have not stopped here…. With whom do they repose this ultimate right of deciding on the powers of government? Sir, they have settled all this in the fullest manner. They have left it with the government itself, in its appropriate branches. Sir, the very chief end, the main design, for which the whole Constitution was framed and adopted, was to establish a government that should not be obliged to act through State agency, or depend on State opinion and State discretion. The people had had quite enough of that kind of government under the Confederation. Under that system, the legal action, the application of law to individuals, belonged exclusively to the States. Congress could only recommend; their acts were not of binding force, till the States had adopted and sanctioned them. Are we in that condition still? …But, Sir, the people have wisely provided, in the Constitution itself, a proper, suitable mode and tribunal for settling questions of Constitutional law. There are in the Constitution grants of powers to Congress, and restrictions on these powers. There are, also, prohibitions on the States.” *According to Webster, what is the evidence that the people have chosen to impose control on state sovereignties?

35. The Nullification Crisis • 1832 S. Carolina declared the tariff null & void & threatened to secede from the union • Jackson would not permit defiance or disunion, so he dispatched the military to SC • “…disunion, by armed force, is TREASON.” • Asked Congress to pass a “force bill” • Congress eventually passed a lower tariff, & SC withdrew its nullification, but the conflict of federal vs. state’s rights remained