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Sanitation Requirements in Space: The issues of Space Debris and its Management V. Adimurthy

Sanitation Requirements in Space: The issues of Space Debris and its Management V. Adimurthy Indian Space Research Organisation. FOUR DECADES OF INDIAN SPACE PROGRAMME. FOUR DECADES OF INDIAN SPACE PROGRAMME. 26. 25. TODAY, 2008. TODAY, 2008. Launch Vehicle Missions.

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Sanitation Requirements in Space: The issues of Space Debris and its Management V. Adimurthy

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  1. Sanitation Requirements in Space: The issues of Space Debris and its Management V. Adimurthy Indian Space Research Organisation

  2. FOUR DECADES OF INDIAN SPACE PROGRAMME FOUR DECADES OF INDIAN SPACE PROGRAMME 26 25 TODAY, 2008 TODAY, 2008 Launch Vehicle Missions Launch Vehicle Missions November 21, 1963 November 21, 1963 SLV SLV - - 3 3 ASLV ASLV LAUNCH VEHICLE LAUNCH VEHICLE 51 48 Self reliance in launching Self reliance in launching PSLV PSLV GSLV GSLV + 7 Spacecraft Missions + 7 Spacecraft Missions 10 10 INSAT 4A INSAT 4A INSAT INSAT - - 3E 3E Self reliance in building satellites Self reliance in building satellites 4 4 28.09.03 28.09.03 EDUSAT EDUSAT KALPANA KALPANA - - 1 1 20.09.04 20.09.04 INSAT INSAT - - 3A 3A 12.09.02 12.09.02 INSAT INSAT - - 2E 2E HAMSAT HAMSAT 10.04.03 10.04.03 SATELLITE SATELLITE APPLICATIONS APPLICATIONS 03.04.99 03.04.99 05.05.05 05.05.05 GSAT GSAT - - 2 2 INSAT INSAT - - 3C 3C ARYABHATA ARYABHATA CARTO CARTO - - 2 2 08.05.03 08.05.03 INSAT INSAT - - 3B 3B 19.04.75 19.04.75 24.01.02 24.01.02 22.03.00 22.03.00 IRS IRS - - 1C 1C 28.12.95 28.12.95 IRS IRS - - P3 P3 CARTOSAT CARTOSAT - - 1 1 21.03.96 21.03.96 05.05.05 05.05.05 RESOURCESAT RESOURCESAT - - 1 1 TES TES IRS IRS - - 1D 1D IRS IRS - - P4 P4 17.10.03 17.10.03 22.10.01 22.10.01 29.09.97 29.09.97 26.05.99 26.05.99 “..we must besecond to none in the application of advanced technologies to the real problems of man and society.” Tele- Medicine Tele-Education

  3. CHANDRAYAAN-1 PSLV –C11 22nd Oct 06:40 hrs EPO of 255 x 22,932 km Burn # 1 23rd Oct 09:22 hrs EPO of 305 x 37,719 km Burn # 2 25th Oct 06:03 hrs EPO of 336 x 74,716 km Burn # 3 26th Oct 07:18 hrs EPO of 348 x 1,65,016 km Burn # 4 29th Oct 07:41 hrs EPO of 459 x 2,66,611 km Burn # 5 4th Nov 04:59 hrs EPO of 972 x 3,79,856 km Lunar Orbital mass of 610 kg with 2 year life time. Scientific payload 55 kg +MIP 35 kg Lunar Insertion Maneuver 8th Nov 2008 Final Orbit 100 km Polar By 13th Nov Initial moon Orbit ~ 500 X 7500 km Lunar Transfer Trajectory at burn 5 EPO 2 / 3 / 4 MIP experiment 14th Nov EPO 1 Moon at Launch Mid Course Corrections Trans Lunar Injection ASTROSAT Expanding the scientific knowledge about the moon, upgrading India’s technological capability and providing challenging opportunities for planetary research for the younger generation

  4. Chandrayaan 2:A Soft landing Mission to Moon • A minimum Soft Lander configuration requires  300 kg including Propellant. Operational duration 2 weeks. • With a rover the total mass is can be  400 kg  New technologies related to NGC, TTC, landing gear, robotics, thermal management in Lunar environment etc need to be developed for this mission

  5. GSLV MkII(4L40+S139)+ L37.5+ C12 + Orbital vehicle + Escape system A Concept of Indian Manned Space Programme Motivation Concept • Resources/Energy • Mining the Moon, planets and asteroids • Scientific • Basic research in physical and life sciences • Manufacturing / Industrial growth • New materials, pharmaceutical products • Human Presence in Space gives the versatility to achieve the above

  6. Typical Intake and effluent mass budget of Space Crew Oxygen = 0.84 kg Food solids = 0.62 kg Water (Drink) = 1.62 kg Water in food = 1.50 kg Metabolised water = 0.40 kg • Carbon Dioxide = 1.00 kg • Respiration & Perspiration Water = 2.28 kg • Urine = 1.50 kg • Feces water = 0.091 kg • Urine solids = 0.059 • Feces solid = 0.032 kg • Sweat solid = 0.018kg TOTAL = 4.98 kg TOTAL = 4.98 kg (per person per day) Short duration mission ‘Open cycle’ ECLSS All required resources for the crew provided from storage and stores the waste generated without any re-cycling

  7. Typical Space Toilet Systems

  8. Aggressive Growth of microorganisms in Space Environment Reference Space

  9. Early Ammonia Servicer (EAS) Mounted on the exterior of ISS was dumped into space in July 2007 The Waste Products from Spacecraft may be dumped out into empty space generating Space Debris

  10. IADC Re-Entry Campaign 09 – 2008 5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 • Campaign Started on 22nd October 2008 • Object chosen was Early Ammonia Servicer (Catalogue No. 31928) jettisoned from International Space Station in July, 2007. Mass of 640 kg, and dimensions of 2.5m x 1.2m x 1.7m. Inclination 51.64 deg Reentry occurred on 03rd November 04:58 (UTC) Prediction by VSSC Prediction Epoch no. of Days from November 1, 2008 TLE epoch No of Days from October 1, 2008 * did not make prediction on last day

  11. An Overview of Space Debris Environment Source Sink Launch of Upper Stages & Payloads Decay through Drag, Luni-solar Gravity, Solar Radiation Pressure Solid Motor Firing • Space Debris refers to material that is on orbit as the result of space initiatives, but is no longer serving any useful function. Release of Na-K Coolant Active Removal Collisions Transfer to Disposal Orbit Ejecta Fragmentation Debris N ~ 105 d  1 cm Not Trackable • 94% of Tracked Object Population are Debris. • > 0.1 mm : ~ 1010 (Estimated) • > 1 cm : ~ 105 (Estimated) • > 10 cm : ~ 104 (Trackable) Estimated N ~ 1010 d  0.1 mm Rocket Bodies ~ 1600 Tracked & Catalogued Mission Related Objects ~ 1500 Spacecrafts ~ 3100 N ~ 104 : d  10 cm Fragments ~ 6400

  12. Growth of Catalogued Space Object Population during 1957-2008 15000 2007 Spacecraft ~ 3100 12000 Fragments~ 6400 L/V Stages ~ 1600 Total 9000 Mission Debris ~ 1500 Catalogued Space Objects 6000 Fragments 3000 Spacecrafts Mission Debris L/V Stages 0 1957 1967 1977 1987 1997 2007 2008 Evolution of Space Debris Environment

  13. Protected Regions & Debris Mitigation Measures Space Debris Risk Mitigation Measures Limit the Release of Operational Debris Minimize Potential for On-orbit Breakup Post Mission Disposal On-orbit Collision Prevention Avoid Intentional Fragmentation Passivation Proximity Avoidance Reorbiting Deorbiting/Reentry Lifetime Limitation 15° 200 km 200 km 2000 km GSO Altitude Protected Region B Protected Region A IADC Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines

  14. 49 50 51 52 53 IST : 06:30:00 UTC : 01:00:00 IST : 06:00:00 UTC : 00:30:00 06:05:00 00:35:00 06:35:00 01:05:00 06:10:00 00:40:00 06:40:00 01:10:00 06:15:00 00:45:00 06:45:00 01:15:00 06:20:00 00:50:00 06:50:00 01:20:00 06:55:00 01:25:00 06:25:00 00:55:00 07:00:00 01:30:00 06:30:00 01:00:00 Launch Window Starts 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Nominal Launch Window Ends Lift Off Time Debris (0.7 km) R/B (0.8 km) 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 54 55 56 57 58 59 00 PSLV-C11/Chandrayaan-1 Mission Space Object Proximity Analysis Launch Date : 22 Oct 2008 Lift Off not Recommended in Time Intervals Marked Maximum (Worst Case) Collision Probability Estimated to be More than 1×10-6 for PSLV-C11 (in ascent Phase) and 1×10-5 (Till the 1st Apogee after Injection) for Chandrayaan-1

  15. Delta-II 3rd Stage Motor Case Delta-II 2nd Stage Tank Foton Pressure Vessel Woven Materials from Delta-II Safe Zone for Controlled Reentry Delta-II 2nd Stage Tank Atlas Parts Some of the Recovered Orbital Debris upon Reentry

  16. Thank You

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