Fleeting Images and Expletives

1. Fleeting Images and Expletives

3. Legal Definition of “Indecency” • “language that describes, in terms patently offensive as measured by contemporary community standards for the broadcast medium, sexual or excretory activities or organs, at times of the day when there is a reasonable risk that children may be in the audience”

4. Making an Indecency Determination • Full context • The “explicitness or graphic nature” of the material • The extent to which the material “dwells on or repeats the offensive material” • The extent to which the material was presented “to pander,” “titillate” or to “shock”

5. Fleeting Images

6. 2004 CBS Super-bowl Halftime • Jackson/Timberlake wardrobe malfunction • Unexpected event in a live broadcast • Duration of 9/16th of one second • $550,000 fine imposed on CBS

8. Subsequent Legal Activity • $550,000 overturned by a Federal Appeals Court • In 2009 the Supreme Court asked the Federal Appeals Court to reconsider

9. Fleeting Expletives

10. 2003 Golden Globes Awards • Parents Television Council complained about Bono’s acceptance remarks for the award for “best original song” • “this is really, really, f***ing brilliant” • The FCC concluded the material was not indecent because • in context, Bono’s language did not describe sexual/excretory organs/activities • the remark was fleeting and isolated

11. Reversal • Five months later the FCC reversed the Bono decision • “any use of that word or a variation, in any context, inherently has a sexual connotation” • The word is “patently offensive”--”the use of the ‘F-word’ here, on a nationally telecast awards ceremony, was shocking and gratuitous”

12. 2002 and 2003 Billboard Music Awards • Fleeting expletives by Cher and Nicole Richie • Cher: “People have been telling me I’m on the way out every year, right? So f*** em” • Nicole: “Have you ever tried to get cow s*** out of a Prada purse? It’s not so f***ing simple”

13. 2006 Federal Appeals Court • Fox appealed the finding of indecency • The court found the FCC reversal of policy to be “arbitrary and capricious” and vacated the FCC finding

14. Reasons for the Reversal--1 • Both President Bush and Vice-President Cheney have been caught on tape using “fleeting expletives.” (reported in news broadcasts) • Bush to Tony Blair that the UN needed to “get Syria to get Hezbollah to stop doing this s***” • Cheney’s comment to Senator Patrick Leahy on the floor of the U.S. Senate: “F*** yourself.”

15. Reasons--continued • These vulgar words are less about indecency than about frustration or excitement • How can this be reconciled with the FCC decision to not impose fines on the broadcast of “Saving Private Ryan” (full of such words) • To delete the language “would have altered the nature of the artistic work and diminished the power, realism and immediacy of the film experience for viewers.”

16. 2009 Supreme Court Decision Reversed the Appeals Court • 5-4 decision • Justice Thomas (majority) wrote he might have voted differently if the case had been presented as a First Amendment issue, rather than the “arbitrary and capricious” action of the FCC • Justice Ginsberg (dissent) wrote that the First Amendment is involved

17. Critical Paper • Which Justice (Thomas or Ginsberg) do you think has the better approach? • In defending your choice demonstrate that you understand the arguments of both Justices. • About 4 (typed) pages. Use citations (in the text or at the end) • Your work must be your own--independent work