4135 Bluebonnet Dr. Stafford, TX 77477 1-877-864-7710 factorydirectsafety

1. 4135 Bluebonnet Dr. Stafford, TX 77477 1-877-864-7710 www.factorydirectsafety.com

2. Photoionization Detectors for Industrial Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry Werner Haag, Ph.D. Brent Yaschuk Factory Direct Safety & Environmental, Inc.

3. PID Standard Features: • Measure many organic vapors • & some inorganics • 10.0 eV, 10.6 eV, & 11.7 eV Lamps • Non-specific: Need to know gas being measured to quantify • Datalogging • TWA & STEL Recording • Fast response (<3 seconds) • Continuous read-out

4. PID Chemical Response

5. PID Applications: Oil Refineries Hydrocarbons

6. PID Applications: Oil/Chemical TankersDiesel Fuel, HCs, Solvents, NH3, etc. Confined Space Entry

7. PID Applications: Heat ExchangersDowtherm: Diphenyl oxide / Biphenyl OSHA PEL for mix = 0.5 ppm

8. PID Applications: Fugitive Emissions Testing - EPA Method 21

9. PID Applications: Hazmat Response Various Chemicals

10. PID Applications: Soil Remediation Screening & Leaking Underground Storage Tanks Various Chemicals

11. PID Applications: Natural Gas Dehydrator Re-boilers & CompressorCondensate(Benzene)

12. PID Applications: Fenceline Monitoring

13. PID Applications: Indoor Air Quality ppb Level TVOC & Locating Odor Sources

14. PID Applications: Space Shuttle Tanks Hydrazine Fuel Decontamination

15. Modern PIDs Recent Improvements: • Sensitivity to low ppb levels • 450 Chemical Response Factors • Improved Linearity: ppb to 10,000 ppm • Humidity Effects Almost Eliminated • Reduced Methane Interference • 30-hour Li-Ion Battery

16. Improvements Accomplished by: • Shorter cell path length to improve linearity & reduce interference, requires precise manufacturing & strong lamps • “Fence” Electrode removes Leak Current • Proprietary Anti-contamination Technology

17. Water Vapor Effects 1) Reduced response of Organic Vapors due to competitive light absorption & chemical quenching

18. Water Vapor Effects 2) “Leak” Current at high humidities when sensor is not ultra-clean “Fence”

19. FENCE ELECTRODE PREVENTS LEAK CURRENT IN HIGH HUMIDITY

20. FENCE ELECTRODE PREVENTS LEAK CURRENT IN HIGH HUMIDITY

21. FENCE ELECTRODE PREVENTS LEAK CURRENT IN HIGH HUMIDITY

22. Benzene in GasolineTypically 0.5-2%: Difficult to measure selectively

23. Benzene in Fuels Exposure Limits for Various Fuels

24. Benzene in Fuels Mixture TWA Calculation ______________ 1 TWAtotal = fbenzene fgasoline ______ ______ + TWAbenz TWAgas.

25. Benzene in GasolineTypically 0.5-2%: Difficult to measure selectively

26. Benzene in Fuels Exposure Limits for Various Fuels

27. Benzene Specific Measurement Methods with DL near 0.5 ppm

28. Tiger Select PID/Tube can measure • Continuous ppb Levels Total Aromatic Compounds (TAC) • Benzene Specific readings – Single Point and 15-minute STEL

29. Total Aromatic Compounds Mode • Uses 10.0 eV lamp • Applies the Benzene response factor (0.5) • Responds predominantly to aromatics • Continuous readings with ~5 ppb resolution • If a reading over 0.5 ppm is seen, insert a tube and make a Benzene specific measurment

30. Benzene Tube Specificity No Effect of: • 400 ppm Toluene • 200 ppm o-Xylene • 300 ppm Octane • 25 ppm H2S ● 100% Methane

31. Benzene STEL measurements • Continuous benzene readings and/or STEL measurements can be made until the color change proceeds up to the 3/4 length mark indicated on the tube • Response will lag actual concentrations by a minute or two

32. Benzene Standard – Humidity Test (Filter Tube absorbs moisture)

33. Benzene in Refinery Samples

34. Benzene Field Comparison As % of Lab Value ± Standard Deviation 1) Avg of 24 Standards, including BTEX mixtures 2) Avg of 18 different field measurements

35. Thank you Stafford, Texas 1-877-864-7710