Ireland

1. Ireland

2. Ireland

3. Iceland and Ireland on the same scale

4. 103,000 km² 84,412 km² N.I. 1.8 m R.I. 4.5 m 73 /km 317.000 3 /km

5. Ireland • North and South. • Northern Ireland, still a part of the UK • The Republic of Ireland, Eire, independent since 1921

7. Provinces and Counties http://www.spirited-ireland.net/map/_counties/

8. http://www.wesleyjohnston.com/users/ireland/geography/settlement.htmlhttp://www.wesleyjohnston.com/users/ireland/geography/settlement.html

9. Ireland • North and South. • “Northern Ireland” or Ulster, still a part of the UK • Ireland or Eire, independent since 1921 • Two different origins of English in the North and the South,both dating from the 17th century. • South: Anglo-Irish (mostly from Western England) • North: displaced Scots

10. Ireland • For the early period, 17th-18th cent the English of the North and South were cut off by a band of Irish across the middle of the country. • Both fully rhotic: • alveolar or retroflex approx (not the Scottish roll ) • General lack of dark l (unlike Scottish)

11. Northern Ireland • Consonants: • þ and ð occur (not as in South) • So no t-þ and d-ð merging • Fully rhotic, not rolled • Lack of dark l

12. Northern Ireland • Vowels • Vowel system closer to Scottish English. • GOOSE and FOOT merged • TRAP and PALM merged (no TRAP-BATH split) • LOT and THOUGHT merged

13. Northern Ireland • Vowels • Loss of phonemic vowel-length distinction: Aitken's Law rather than Lax/Tense and clipping • Recap Aitken's Law : except - always short

14. Northern Ireland • Vowels • Aitken's Law in N.Ireland is slightly different: except - always short

15. Northern Ireland • Vowels

16. Northern Ireland • Vowels

17. Northern Ireland • Vowels

18. Northern Ireland • Vowels

19. Southern Ireland – the Irish Republic • Norse spoken in and around medieval Dublin • English spoken in Ireland (The Pale) since around 1200 – settlers from Bristol • Present-day English is from the ‘planters’ of the 17th century – predominantly from SW England • Very conservative: very few traces of later British innovations

22. Southern Ireland – the Irish Republic • The 'brogue' • (barróg 'accent, speech impediment, or bróg =shoe (from Norse brók) • Very conservative: very few traces of later British innovations • No FLEECE Merging • No BATH Broadening • No H Dropping • No Glide Cluster Reduction • No Move towards R Dropping (unlike England)

23. Southern Ireland – the Irish Republic • Irish substratum: • vowel system basically Irish (Wells 410) • some substratum effects in the consonants too, but English consonants such as and z, which do not occur in Irish, have been added • Syntactic substratum: Sure I’m after tellin you It’s thinking I am you’ll be hungry

24. Southern Ireland – the Irish Republic • Vowels • Unrounding of • LOOK-STRUT Split, uncertain in places, but not with the same lexical incidents • is a back unrounded centralised • TRAP is [a] • any, many with TRAP, = Annie, manny. • No Long Mid Diphthonging: • FACE, GOAT fe:s go:t • KIT-Schwa MErger (Lenin-Lennon)

25. Southern Ireland – the Irish Republic • Consonants • Þ and ð become dental stops t and d • (this is heard by other British speakers as t and d, but outside Dublin there is a distinction between thin and tin, breathe and breed. • Lenition of medial (=between vowels) and final consonants, esp /t/, to [t ] or even[h] • nah01tAl 1sah0rde • (graphic follows)

26. Southern Ireland – the Irish Republic

27. Southern Ireland – the Irish Republic • Rhotic: r is dark, even retroflex • l is light in all environments • No H Dropping • Scwa epenthesis: Dublin, petrol, Cathleen, film, form, tavern. • Broad and narrow consonants

28. Southern Ireland – the Irish Republic