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Muscles

Muscles . Types of Muscle. Skeletal Most common Attached to bone (via tendons) Voluntary Striated. Cardiac Muscle In the heart only Involuntary Striated Smooth Muscle Surrounds organs Slow, long contractions Involuntary Non-striated; forms dense sheets . The Neuromuscular System.

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Muscles

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  1. Muscles

  2. Types of Muscle • Skeletal • Most common • Attached to bone (via tendons) • Voluntary • Striated

  3. Cardiac Muscle • In the heart only • Involuntary • Striated • Smooth Muscle • Surrounds organs • Slow, long contractions • Involuntary • Non-striated; forms dense sheets

  4. The Neuromuscular System • Complex linking of the muscular and neurological systems • Constant use and practice improves the quality, efficiency and ability of these systems to work together • E.g. agility training

  5. The Motor Unit • Nerves transmit impulses in waves- the resulting contraction is called a muscle twitch • 1 nerve + the muscle fibers it innervates = motor unit • 1 nerve stimulates many muscle fibers, thereby producing muscle movements. • 1 nerve + a few muscle fibers =fine movements (eg blinking) • 1 nerve + lots of fibers = gross/big movements (eg contraction of the quadriceps) • All-or-None Principle • When a motor unit is stimulated to contract, either ALL of the muscle fibers will contract, or none will

  6. Types of Muscle Contraction • Concentric • Muscle fibers shorten • E.g. bicep flexion • Eccentric • Muscle fibers lengthen • Eg bicep extension • Isometric • Contraction without change in length of muscle; no motion; decreased risk of injury • E.g. pushing against a wall; doing a abdominal plank.

  7. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A1haS8hR1lE

  8. Muscle Origin vs Insertion • Origin • where the muscle attaches to more stationary of the bones of skeleton. • Usually more superior • Insertion • Where the muscle attaches to the bone that moves most • Usually more inferior

  9. Antagonistic Pairs • Skeletal muscles are arranged as opposing pairs • Agonist • Prime mover of the body part • Eg. During knee extension, quadriceps are the agonist • Antagonist • Counter-acts the agonist • Eg. During knee extension, hamstrings are the antagonist

  10. Label the following muscles of the lower limb: • Flexor hallicuslongus • Anterior tibialis • Soleus • Gastrocnemius • Patella • Quadriceps • Hamstrings • Gluteus medius, minimus, maximus • Abductor muscles • Adductor muscles • Peroneals

  11. Can you label these muscles??

  12. Muscles of the Leg and their Functions • Leg- refers to lower limb below the knee • Thigh = hip to knee

  13. Muscles of the Thigh and Hip

  14. Groups: • Figure out where each muscle is located- ie anterior, posterior, medial, lateral • Questions: • While out trail running, Marie steps on a root and experiences an eversion of her ankle. • a) What is this injury? (what happens to the sole of the foot) • b) Which muscles will be injured? • c) Which muscles would have contracted to aid ankle eversion? • Many athletes, especially women, have muscular imbalances between their quadriceps and hamstring muscle groups(quads are often stronger). • a) Why are these athletes at a higher risk for injury? • b) What joint is most likely to be injured? • c) What type of injury might result at this joint? • The gluteus maximus is one of the strongest muscles in the body. • a) What would happen to hip/thigh rotation if other muscles do not compensate for this strength? • b) Which muscles are the antagonists to hip extension by the glutiusmaximus?

  15. The Trunk

  16. Jeff sustained a serious injury to the left side of his trunk. • What muscle group(s) are affected? • What movements will be compromised? • What could happen if the diaphragm was punctured or torn in half? • A pregnant woman is in a car accident and sustains an injury to her rectus abdominus (baby is fine). • What might be the consequences?

  17. Shoulder and Back

  18. Arm

  19. Joints • Types: • Fibrous joints – no movement- eg sutures of the skull • Cartilaginous joints- some movement- eg between the vertebrae • Synovial joints- lots of movement • 6 common types: • Ball and socket (eg the hip, shoulder) • Gliding (eg foot) • Hinge (elbow, knee) • Pivot (neck) • Saddle (thumb) • Ellipsoid (wrist)

  20. Synovial Joints • Separated by a lubricating fluid and cartilage • Joined by ligaments that also help form the joint capsule (surrounds and protects joint)

  21. Joint Injuries • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9QTCBrefXso • Tendinitis • Inflammation of a tendon via irritation due to overuse/abnormal use • Tx- rest, cold, heat therapy, anti-inflammatories • Tears, Sprains, Pulls • Tear/pull= injury to muscle • Sprain = injury to ligaments and tendons • 3 levels of severity: 1st degree injury is mild; 2nd is moderate; 3rd is severe • Dislocations • When bone displaced from original position • Symptoms: • Joint looks awkward/deformed • Painful to touch/move • Inability to use joint

  22. Injury Treatment • Recognizing an Injury • SHARP • Swelling • Heat • Altered function • Red • Pain • Treating • RICE • Rest • Ice • Compression • Elevation • NEVER use heat to initially treat an injury • Why?

  23. How Can We Protect Our Joints? • strengthen surrounding muscles • Stretch muscles • Proper conditioning • Warm up before exercising • Proprioceptive training

  24. Muscles Causing Movement at the Hip Joint • Iliopsoas Adductor Muscles • Gluteus Maximus • Gluteus Medius • Muscles Causing Movement at the Knee Joint • Sartorius • Quadriceps Group • Rectus Femoris • Vastus Muscles • Hamstring Group • Biceps Femoris • Semimembranosus • Semitendinosus Muscles Causing Movement at the Ankle and Foot • Tibialis Anterior • Peroneus Muscles • Gastrocnemius

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