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How Your Brain Works - Week 3 Dr. Jan Schnupp jan.schnupp@dpag.ox.ac.uk HowYourBrainWorks.net. Seeing Things 1 Eye and Brain. Light Wavelength. Optics of the Eye. Eye and Retina. The Blind Spot. Retinotopy. Adapted from drawings by Ramon y Cajal.
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How Your Brain Works - Week 3 Dr. Jan Schnupp jan.schnupp@dpag.ox.ac.uk HowYourBrainWorks.net Seeing Things 1Eye and Brain
Retinotopy • Adapted from drawings by Ramon y Cajal
The Optic Pathway: eye, optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, thalamus, optic radiation, visual cortex
Photoreceptors • The human eye has ca. 10 million rods and ca 120 million cones
Phototransduction • Light activated rhodopsin (R) activates G-protein (G) which in turn activates phosphodiesterase (PDE) which cleaves cGMP which closes cGMP-gated Na+ channel. • What does any of this have to do with carrots?
Absorption Spectra • The three different types of cones and the rods have slightly different opsins which are sensitive to different wavelengths. • “Trichromacy” theory.
Retinal Wiring • Photoreceptors • Horizontal cells • Bipolar cells • Amacrine cells • Retinal ganglion cells
Centre –Surround Receptive Fields Photo- receptors Horizontal Cell Bipolar Cell RetinalGanglion Cell
On-centre and off-centre Receptive Fields • Lateral inhibition provided by photoreceptor ribbon synapses, horizontal cell synapses and amacrine cells
Difference of Gaussians Model of Retinal Ganglion Cells • The centre-surround structure of Retinal Ganglion Cells turns them into “spatial frequency filters”. Larger RGC receptive fields are tuned to “coarsely grained” structure in the visual scene, while smaller RFs are tuned to fine grain structure.
Convolving a Penny with DoGs • The picture of an American cent (left) seen through large (middle) or small (right) difference of Gaussian receptive fields.
Eye movements • Eye-movement traces while a subject explores a picture of the bust of Nefertiti. • From "Eye Movements and Vision" by A. L. Yarbus; Plenum Press, New York; 1967
Dan Simmons’ visual attention task • Count the number of passes of the white team
The Colour Wheel Yellow-Blue Red Green
Cone mosaics • Cone mosaics for four different individuals
Colour blindness Red-green channel broken Blue-yellow channel broken
M cells and P cells • 90% P cells • 5% M cells • 5% non-M non-P
The Stepping Feet Illusion • http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/mot_feet_lin/index.html • What is going on here? • M cells are colour blind, but very sensitive to brightness (luminance) contrast. • P cells are R-G opponent • Non-M non-P cells are Y-B opponent • Only M cells project to the motion processing streams in the brain.