Foundational Courses Renewable Energy Technologies Wind

1. Foundational Courses Renewable Energy TechnologiesWind Presented by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory Webinar – January 29, 2014

2. NREL’s Presenter on Wind Energy is Robi Robichaud Senior Engineer Wind Exchange NREL robi.robichaud@nrel.gov Tel: 303-384-6969

3. Webinar Outline

4. Wind Resource Assessment1st Step - Maps of Wind Resources Wind Powering America: http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/windmaps/ Utility Scale – 80m

5. Maps for Distributed Scale – 80 – 50 – 30m Community Scale – 50m Wind maps inform “where to look for wind”, not where to put wind turbines Residential Scale – 30m Source: http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/windmaps/

6. Wind Resources and Opportunity on Tribal Lands

7. Wind Frequency Distribution - Monthly Profile

8. Wind Power by Direction by Month

9. Diurnal Wind Profiles vs Height • Diurnal wind profiles can change dramatically with height above ground • Without adequate data, hub-height profile estimate is uncertain

10. Utility-scale Wind - When & Why Do Remote Sensing? When considering a wind farm remote sensing may be the most cost effective way to determine vertical wind shear and wind variability across a potential wind farm Remote Sensing Instruments 80 Meter Diameter Rotor On 80 Meter Tower > 100% of Swept Area 60 Meter Tilt-Up Mast < 20% of Swept Area

11. Map vs. Purchased Data vs. Met Tower vs. SODAR Project size helps to determine how much to spend on obtaining quality wind data

12. Native American Anemometer Loan Program Mix of 20- and 50-m met tower data sets – available data may be a good place to start Source: http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/anemometerloans/projects.asp

13. Wind Performance Characteristics Capacity Factor (CF) • Fraction: • Small: 15% - 20% • Medium: 20% - 25% • Large: 30% - 40% Affected by: • Temperature • Altitude • Siting • Terrain • Obstructions • Roughness • Tower height Actual Rated x 24 x 365

14. Technology Overview Primary Markets: • Remote power • Remote communities • Remote uses (telecommunications, water pumping) • On-site energy production and consumption • Residential, commercial, industrial • Energy for sale • Merchant power • Purchased power • Utility projects NREL PIX#18222

15. Turbine – Sized to Economic Project Goals Vestas V-90 3MW ~ 1,000 homes GE 1.5sle 1.5MW ~ 500 homes Vestas V47 600kW ~ 200 homes Bergey Excel 10kW ~ 1 home

16. Annual Sales of Turbines <100kW in U.S. 15% increase: Due to: Larger turbine size

17. Wind Power Additions Hit a New Record in 2012Expiring PTC- Driven Results • 13.1 GW of wind added in 2012, more than 90% higher than 2011 • $25 billion invested in wind power project additions • Cumulative wind power capacity up by 28%, bringing total to 60 GW Source: http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/pdfs/workshops/2013_summit/wiser.pdf 2012 Wind Technologies Market Report Summary, WPA All-States Summit, May 8, 2013

18. Lower Turbine Pricing Starting To Show Up In Reported Total Project Costs Project costs bottomed out in 2001-04; rose by $850/kW on average through 2009; held steady in 2010 ($2,160/kW); appear to be dropping in 2013. Source: 2012 Wind Market Report, LBNL. Source: http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/pdfs/workshops/2013_summit/wiser.pdf 2012 Wind Technologies Market Report Summary, WPA All-States Summit, May 8, 2013

19. Is Wind Economic? It Depends Cost of Competing Electricity vs. Wind Speed Curve • Factors to shift curve down-left (good): • Taller tower • Low wind speed turbine • Utility-scale vs. distributed turbine • PTC (production tax credit) or other incentives • Factors that shift curve up-right: • Increased financing costs • Increased interconnection costs • Permitting/zoning • Turbine availability

20. Best Uses for Technology (size, installed cost) On-Site Power • Remote (<10 kilowatt [kW], $6-$12/watt [W]) • Water pumping, electrification • Water pump = 1 kW, House = 5 kW, Farm = 10 kW Grid Connected ($3.50 -$7/W) • Small (1 kW – 50 kW) • Residence, business, farm/ranch • Mid-Size (100 kW – 1 megawatt [MW]) • Facility, community, industrial • Convenience store = 50 kW, school = 250 kW Energy for Sale ($2-$3.50/W) • Utility (>1MW) • Wind farm

21. Annual Average O&M Costs for Utility-scale Turbines

22. Wind Farm Development Process • Site Selection • Fatal Flaw Analysis • Land Agreements • Wind Assessment • Environmental Review – sound, visual, etc.. • Economic Modeling • Interconnection Studies • Permitting • Financing • Sales Agreements • Turbine Procurement • Construction Contracting • Operations & Maintenance • 3-7 year process • Lots of moving parts - no guarantee of success

23. Key Takeaways • Wind energy is a mature, yet evolving technology • Wind energy comes in many sizes • Utility-scale wind energy is cost competitive today in many locations throughout the United States • Wind turbine project development (from 5 kW to 200 MW) has clear impacts to neighbors/neighboring communities that are both positive and negative and therefore requires active stakeholder engagement

24. Thank You & Contact Information For More Information: DOE Office of Indian Energy Website: www.energy.gov/indianenergy Services offered, resources for Tribes NREL Wind Technology Websites: http://www.nrel.gov/wind/midsize_wind.html http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/ http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/nativeamericans/ http://www.nrel.gov/wind/ http://www.smallwindcertification.org/ Research, economics, resource maps DSIRE: http://dsireusa.org/ Grants, interconnection, net metering, rebates, tax credits, loan programs Windustry: http://www.windustry.org/ Wind Basics, project development, community – farm wind, economics DWEA: http://distributedwind.org/ Zoning & permitting, conferences Robi Robichaud robi.robichaud@nrel.gov Tel: 303-406-1603