SECTION A Study the source and then answer the question which follows.

1. SECTION A • Study the source and then answer the question which follows. • [An American family watching TV in the 1950s] • What does Source A tell you about life the USA during the 1950s? [2] • To answer this question you must place the picture in its historical context by • explaining about the fact that TVs were a new feature of the 1950s and then • answer the question by saying that families in the 50s watched TV together.

2. b) Describe the main features of the consumer boom that occurred in the • USA during the 1950s. [4] • Begin your answer by identify what you are actually being asked to do: “main • features” means main things that happened, in this case in the “consumer boom”. • Write a simple list as a plan: suburbs, cars, TV sets, shopping malls. • Write the answer, including all four main features, explaining a little about each • one, whilst trying to link them together. • For example: • The consumer boom of the 1950s was because the USA was very prosperous at • the end of WW2. There was a baby boom and many people bought houses in the • newly built suburbs that grew up around American towns. The most popular • consumer goods were cars and television sets. Car ownership made life in the • suburbs possible. Advertising on TV encouraged the consumer boom and • increased sales of cars and other consumer goods.

3. Texas 35%, Arkansas 37%, Louisiana 30%, Tennessee 52%, Mississippi 5%, Alabama 15%, Virginia 24%, North Carolina 31%, South Carolina 16%, Georgia 29% Florida 35%. Source B [Statistics showing the percentage of black people registered to vote in the southern states of the USA in 1960] (c) Study Source B below and then answer the question which follows. Question: How useful is Source B as evidence to an historian studying the inequality between black and white people in the USA in the 1960s? [4 ] As this is a source evaluation question, you are expected to comment on the usefulness of the source as evidence for a particular focus of the question. For example: Source B is useful because it tells the historian about the inequalities between black and white people in the 1960s. These inequalities were a result of the discrimination against black people in the southern states. In Alabama, for example, only 15% could vote. The source is less useful because it only includes figures for the States where there was discrimination and because it only gives figures for 1960. For this reason, it cannot be used to extrapolate about all of the 1960s. In 1965, for example, black Americans were all given the right to vote.

4. Study Source C and then answer the question which follows. Source C “To the world he will be remembered as the President who helped to bring the thaw in the Cold War. The real change came, however, only after Cuba. That crisis, taking the world to the edge of a nuclear war, left its mark both on him and on Mr Khrushchev ... He was not hopeful of an early improvement in relations. But he worked for such an improvement, as did Mr Khrushchev, and it came. But he will be remembered as much for anything for his youth and friendliness … he was a true liberal, a thinker himself no less than a man of action.” [Taken from “The USA 1917-80” , a secondary school history book written by Nigel Smith, a history teacher (published 1988)] Question: The source is suggesting that JF Kennedy will be remembered as the “President who helped to bring the thaw in the Cold War” . Is this a fair interpretation? [6 ] In your answer you should give arguments for and against this view. You should also comment on the authorship of the source and use your own knowledge. This question is asking you to use your own knowledge to judge an interpretation of history. The examiners will expect you to provide evidence that looks at both sides. You could use quotes from the source to support your conclusions. For example: It is true that there was a thaw in the Cold War after Cuba, as both sides wanted to avoid another confrontation that could lead to a nuclear war. A telephone “Hot Line” was set up between Washington and Moscow. There was a Partial Nuclear Test Ban and a Nuclear non-proliferation Treaty. Unfortunately JFK was also the President who, together with Khrushchev, brought the world the closet it has ever been to a nuclear war over Cuba. It is also true that JFK will be remembered for his charismatic personality. Kennedy inspired young people into public service, his Peace Corps being an example of this. His “New Frontier” promised action to solve the social problems that faced the USA in 1960. Chief among these were poverty and civil rights. People expected much from Kennedy, but he only partially delivered. The Civil Rights Act, for example was the work of his successor, Lyndon Johnson.

5. (e) “President Kennedy’s ‘New Frontier’ was a great success that benefited all of the people in the USA” How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer fully. [8] This question is testing factual recall and your ability to provide a supported argument that examines both sides of the interpretation. Begin by planning you answer: Identify the key words: highlighted in red (but not in the exam!) What was the New Frontier? What did it promise to do? (It was a little vague on this – but poverty, civil rights and women's’ issues.) What would have represented a “great success” and did it “benefit all of the people of the USA”? For example: It would be true to say that JFK’s New Frontier was a partial success, but that it did not benefit everyone. Before he was elected Kennedy promised a “New Frontier” of social reforms that would solve the social problems that faced the USA in 1960. These included poverty, civil rights and women’s issues. JFK failed to deliver fully, although he made it possible for his successor, Lyndon Johnson to do so. JFK did support the Civil Rights campaign and gave some black Americans top jobs in the Government. He failed to get a Civil Rights Act through Congress because of opposition from Southern Democrats. This same opposition stopped his plans for helping the elderly. He did succeed in increasing social security payments, in starting a big new housing programme and in setting up special training schemes for the unemployed. The sense of shock at his assassination helped Johnson to get much of his “Great Society” passed by Congress. These extended JFK’s “New Frontier”. It would be true to say that JFK’s New Frontier was a partial success, but that it did not benefit everyone.

6. SECTION B Questions: • Explain why the buses in Alabama were segregated. [4] This question is testing recall of knowledge. You will need to explain about why the buses in a southern State were segregated, by explaining what segregation and discrimination were. • Describe the different ways in which Black Americans suffered from segregation. [4] This question is testing recall of knowledge. You will have to describe the nature of segregation, providing examples like lunch counters, schools and drinking fountains. (c) ‘The only reason why segregation ended in the USA was because of the tactics used by the Civil Rights Movement.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer fully. [8] This question is testing recall of knowledge. It is also testing your ability to provide a supported argument that examines points for and against the statement. Plan by : Begin by picking out the key words (shown in red – but not in the exam!) List the tactics used by the Civil Rights movement: peaceful protest, sit-ins, Freedom Riders, Court cases like Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka. Decide how far these tactics were responsible for the success of the Civil Rights Movement. Consider the other factors that might have been important in ending segregation: the Cold War, TV, and the attitudes of Presidents like JFK and LBJ and new laws.

7. (c) ‘The only reason why segregation ended in the USA was because of the tactics used by the Civil Rights Movement.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer fully. [8] For example: There is no doubt that the Civil Rights Movement (CRM) made a major contribution towards ending segregation. It was led by Martin Luther King. He believed in using peaceful methods of protest. The success of the Montgomery Bus Boycott showed that public sympathy could be gained by non-violent protest. Sit-ins at segregated lunch counters, Freedom Riders, voter registration campaigns and legal challenges like Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka and mass rallies, like the March on Selma and Washington, were all important in ending segregation, because they changed peoples’ attitudes. There were, however, related factors that led to the end of segregation. These included the Cold War, TV, youth rebellion, popular music and the attitudes of Presidents like JFK and LBJ and new laws. Television and cinema coverage of the reaction of white racists to peaceful protestors embarrassed the government and this led to the Johnson’s Civil Rights Act of 1964. At Height of the Cold War, the USA could not be seen as undemocratic. It would be true to say that the tactics used by the Civil Rights Movement were very Important in ending segregation, but they were not the only reason.