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Chapter 2

Chapter 2. Minerals. Section 2.1 Matter. Matter – anything that has volume and mass On Earth exists in 3 states: Solid - has definite shape and volume Rocks and minerals Liquid – has definite volume, but no definite shape Earth’s oceans, rivers and lakes

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Chapter 2

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  1. Chapter 2 Minerals

  2. Section 2.1 Matter • Matter – anything that has volume and mass • On Earth exists in 3 states: • Solid - has definite shape and volume • Rocks and minerals • Liquid – has definite volume, but no definite shape • Earth’s oceans, rivers and lakes • Gas - has neither definite shape or volume • Earth’s atmosphere

  3. Section 2.1 Matter • Elements – a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical or physical means. • The basic building blocks of minerals. • Organized by their properties in the Periodic Table. • More than 112 know elements. • 92 occur naturally, others are produced in labs.

  4. Section 2.1 Matter • Periodic Table – chart of all elements organized by their properties • Rows are called periods • Columns are called groups • Elements – Name is abbreviated with 1-3 letters • Atomic number – elements in order according to this number which is located over the elements abbreviation • Mass number – the total mass of the atom is located below the abreviation

  5. Periodic Table

  6. Section 2.1 Matter • Atoms - the smallest particle of matter that contains the characteristics of an element. • Nucleus – central region of an atom • Contains protons and neutrons • Protons – positively charged • Neutrons – no charge, neutral • Electrons – negatively charged • Surround the atom’s nucleus • Smallest particle in an atom

  7. Section 2.1 Matter • Atomic number – the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom • Electrons are equal to the number of protons • Atomic Mass – protons and neutrons together • Neutrons = Atomic Mass – Protons (Atomic Number)

  8. Section 2.1 Matter 22 – Atomic Number 47.90 – Atomic Mass Protons = 22 Electrons = 22 Neutrons = 48-22 = 26

  9. Section 2.1 Matter • Energy Levels – shells • Surround the nucleus • Contain electrons

  10. Section 2.1 Matter • Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but varying numbers of neutrons • Have different mass numbers: the sum of the neutrons plus protons • Many Isotopes are radioactive and emit energy and particles • Mass number is the total mass of the atom (protons plus neutrons)

  11. Section 2.1 Matter • Why Atoms Bond • When an atom’s outermost energy level does not contain the maximum number of electrons, the atom is likely to form a chemical bond with one or more atoms. • A compound consists of two or more elements that are chemically combined in specific proportions. • An ion is an atom that gains or loses electrons.

  12. Sections 2.1 Matter • Types of Chemical Bonds • Ionic Bonds form between positive and negative ions. • Covalent Bonds form when atoms share electrons. • Metallic Bonds form when metal ions share electrons.

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