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Dog and Cat in Research

Dog and Cat in Research. Timo Nevalainen University of Eastern Finland. Dog Breeds. Beagle not too inbred no trimming Size (semichondrodystrophic) Alsatian and Labrador larger dog hip dysplasia. Dog reproduction. Estrus length 7-13 days Ovulation type Spontaneous

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Dog and Cat in Research

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  1. Dog and Cat in Research Timo Nevalainen University of Eastern Finland

  2. Dog Breeds • Beagle • not too inbred • no trimming • Size • (semichondrodystrophic) • Alsatian and Labrador • larger dog • hip dysplasia

  3. Dog reproduction • Estrus length 7-13 days • Ovulation type Spontaneous • Breeding 10-16 days from start of estrus • Gestation 60-66 days • Litter size 4-12 • Litters / year 2 • Weaning 7-8 weeks

  4. Reproduction • Estrus every 6-8 months • Estrus lasts 21-22 days • Ovulation about 10th day • Pseudopregnancy common

  5. Space req’s (new Appendix A)

  6. Socialization Programs • Objective - tractable adults • Basic commands • Novel Situations • Puppies through 12 weeks

  7. Administrations • SC

  8. Peripheral veins • Lateral saphenous vein Jugular vein Cephalic vein

  9. Administrations and blood samples • IV: superficial veins of front and rear legs • IM: Thigh muscle • Blood samples • superficial veins in legs • jugular vein

  10. Research Use • Behavior Aging Anesthesia • Pulmonary Neurology Radiology • Pharmacology Trauma Shock • Wound healing Nutrition Heart • Dental Circulatory GI surgery • Brain Skeletal Cancer • Transplantation Eye Diabetes Gay: Health Benefits of Animal Research, FBR

  11. Cardiopulmonary:Distinguishing Features • Intracoronary anastomoses • Left CA blood supply to conduction system • Incomplete mediastinum • Atherosclerosis - limited lesions

  12. Gastrointestinal Tract • Simple stomach and short intestine • Ileocecal valve and caecum • 12 hour gut transit time • Fast 12 hours pre-surgery (to avoid vomiting intra-/pre-anesthesia)

  13. Pharmacologic Features • Thiobarbiturates arrhythmogenic • Ketamine convulsive • Xylazine hypotensive • Morphine emetic

  14. Breed Sensitivities • Sight hounds – thiobarbiturates e.g., Greyhounds, Borzoi, Salukis • Collies - ivermectin

  15. Diseases of Concern • Rabies • Canine distemper • Infectious hepatitis virus • Infectious tracheobronchitis • Parainfluenza • Bordetella

  16. Vaccination Recommendations • Yearly - all dogs • Breeding females during anestrus • Pup vaccination 6-16 weeks

  17. Endotracheal Intubation • To intubate successfully, the laryngeal structures must be clearly seen.

  18. Endotracheal Intubation • Use the arytenoid cartilages, vocal folds and laryngeal inlet as your landmarks.

  19. Endotracheal Intubation • Never insert a tube blindly. • It will end up in the esophagus, not the trachea.

  20. Endotracheal Intubation • To intubate properly, • There is no substitute for seeing the tube as it enters the larynx.

  21. Inflation of the Balloon

  22. Tying the Tube • Tie the tube in place - • To either jaw. • Behind the occiput. • Securing the tube - • Preserves the airway. • Protects the trachea from trauma if the tube / balloon were dislodged.

  23. Anesthesia Recovery • Prepare to extubate - • Step 1: Untie the tube.

  24. Anesthesia Recovery Prepare to extubate - Step 2: Deflate the tube.

  25. Anesthesia Recovery Prepare to extubate - Step 3: Wait for dog’s reflexes. Extubate - Step 4: Extubate before dog chews the tube.

  26. Euthanasia • Injectable agents - anesthetics • Inhalants - CO2, CO

  27. Health monitoring • FELASA guidelines • Vaccination: • distemper • infectious hepatitis • parvo • rabies ?

  28. Parasites • Toxocara canis (intrauterine infection)

  29. Working with the Laboratory Dog - Training for the Enhancement of Animal Welfare in Research • http://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/TrainingVideos.htm#dog

  30. Cat: SPF vs. Conventional • prone to respiratory infections • Cats suffering from respiratory infections are poor subjects for research • There are SPF (specific pathogen free) breeders of cats

  31. Cat: Reproduction Data • Estrus cycle duration 14 days • Estrus duration 3-6 days • Type of ovulation induced • Mating methods 1M /1-15F • Gestation 64-66 days • Litter size 3-6 • Litters / year 2 • Weaning age 4-5 weeks

  32. Socialization to Humans • Socialize kittens between 4 and 14 weeks of age. • If socialization to humans is neglected, they will develop a natural fear of humans. • Cats not properly socialized can be dangerous!! • It only takes a few minutes a day. Only socialized cats make good research subjects.

  33. Cats like comfort. • Soft beds • Perches • Exercise areas • Toys

  34. Housing

  35. Enrichment

  36. Cat Handling • Cautions • Bite wounds • Scratches • Temperament • Work safely • Use proper restraint • Avoid stressing the cat

  37. Cat: Common Procedures • Handling may be difficult • chemical sedation • immobilization devices

  38. Helpful Hints on Restraint • Get the cat to cooperate: • Reassure • Stroke and pet • Verbal praise • Quiet manner • Respectful attitude

  39. Helpful Hints on Restraint • Never over-restrain a cat! • Too much force makes the cat struggle. • If you engage in a battle of wills, you will lose. • If a cat gets over excited, stop and return the cat to his cage. Let him relax a while. • Use the minimum restraint necessary to do the procedure. • Persuade (not force) the cat to cooperate.

  40. Restraint “Pancake Kitty” e.g. for cephalic vein access Access to jugular vein

  41. Restraint • Lateral recumbency

  42. Restraint • One-handed hold

  43. Restraint • Scruff Reflex • Calming effect. • May help to regain control in a challenging situation.

  44. Restraint • The “Kitty Burrito” • Flatten cat on a towel. • Wrap securely. • Enclose front legs. • Allows rear access.

  45. Elizabethan Collars • Can protect against bites. • Likely to stress a cat….use only if necessary. • Eliz. collar and towel combination...

  46. Cat: Common Procedures • Intravenous injection requires good handling • veins accessible (antebrachial and femoral) are small and fragile, use butterfly (23G) needles • Blood samples from ear or jugular vein

  47. Cat: Research Use • Aging Auditory Digestive • Behavior Cancer Endocrine • Circulatory Genetics Immune • Hemopoietic Infectious diseases CNS • Musculoskeletal Eye Skin • Respiratory Teratology Toxicology Gay: Health Benefits of Animal Research.FBR

  48. Cat Bites – Dangerous Infection • In a full-force bite, canine teeth insert dangerous pathogens into the tissues. • Because these wounds often develop serious infections, medical attention should be sought immediately after a cat bite.

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