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Cultural Anthropology: The Human Challenge, 11/e

Cultural Anthropology: The Human Challenge, 11/e. William Haviland, University of Vermont. Chapter 1. The Essence of Anthropology. Chapter Outline. What is Anthropology? What do Anthropologists do? How do Anthropologists do what they do?. What Is Anthropology?.

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Cultural Anthropology: The Human Challenge, 11/e

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  1. Cultural Anthropology:The Human Challenge, 11/e William Haviland, University of Vermont

  2. Chapter 1 The Essence of Anthropology

  3. Chapter Outline • What is Anthropology? • What do Anthropologists do? • How do Anthropologists do what they do?

  4. What Is Anthropology? • The study of humankind everywhere, throughout time. • Seeks knowledge about what makes people different and about what they all have in common.

  5. What Do Anthropologists Do? • Study humans as biological organisms. • Trace the evolutionary developmentof humans. • Investigate biological variation past and present.

  6. How Do Anthropologists Work? • Formulate hypotheses to develop theories supported by data. • Anthropologists do fieldwork to become familiar with situations and recognize patterns in the data.

  7. Fields of Anthropology • Physical Anthropology • Archaeology • Linguistic Anthropology • Cultural Anthropology

  8. Fields of Anthropology

  9. Physical Anthropology • Also called biological anthropology. • Focuses on humans as biological organisms, evolution, and human variation. • Analyze fossils and observe living primates to reconstruct the ancestry of the human species.

  10. Cultural Anthropology • The study of customary patterns in human behavior, thought, and feelings. • Focuses on humans as culture-producing and culture-reproducing creatures. • Two main components: ethnography and ethnology.

  11. Archaeology • Studies material remains in order to describe and explain human behavior. • Study tools, pottery, and other features such as hearths and enclosures that remain as the testimony of earlier cultures.

  12. Linguistic Anthropology Studies human languages: • Description of a language - the way a sentence is formed or a verb conjugated. • History of languages - the way languages change over time. • The study of language in its social setting.

  13. Ethnology • Also called sociocultural anthropology. • Concentrates human ideas and practices as they can be seen and experienced. • When possible, the ethnologist becomes ethnographer by living among the people under study.

  14. Anthropology’sComparative Method • Uses the methods of other scientists by developing hypotheses and arriving at theories. • Anthropologists make comparisons between peoples and cultures past and present, related species, and fossil groups.

  15. The Scientific Approach and Anthropology Difficulties: • Objectivity: It is difficult for someone who grew up in one culture to frame objective hypotheses about other cultures. • Validity:The reliability of the ethnographer’s account is not easily validated.

  16. Questions Of Ethics Anthropologists have obligations to: • Those whom they study. • Those who fund the research. • Those in the profession who expect a study to be published so they can further the research in the field.

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