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The Age of Imperialism

This section explores the scramble for Africa, the forces driving imperialism, the division of Africa, conflicts in South Africa, the decline of the Ottoman Empire, and British imperialism in India.

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The Age of Imperialism

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  1. The Age of Imperialism

  2. Section 1-The Scramble for Africa

  3. Africa Before European Domination • Imperialism-The seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country • Africa Before Europeans Arrived • Africa had powerful trade kingdoms • Timbuktu was a center of learning • Followed either traditional beliefs, Christianity or Islam

  4. Africa Before European Domination • Nations Compete for Overseas Empires • By 1880 European’s only controlled 10% of Africa • African’s controlled their own trade networks and supplied the goods • The Chokwe collected ivory and beeswax • Original settlers were missionaries, explorers and humanitarians • They learned about Africa through travel books and newspapers

  5. Driving Forces Behind Imperialism • The race for African colonies grew out of a strong sense of nationalism • European nations were determined to plant their flag on as much land as possible • Racism-The belief that one race is superior to another • Social Darwinism-The races fittest for survival enjoyed wealth and success b/c they were superior to others

  6. Driving Forces Behind Imperialism • Forces Promoting Imperialism in Africa • Europe’s technological superiority • The Maxim Gun • Worlds 1st automatic machine gun • The Steam engine • Allowed European’s to travel deeply into the jungles • A variety of languages and cultures discouraged unity among the tribes

  7. The Division of Africa • Colonization began around 1880 • Diamonds were discovered in 1867 and gold in 1886 so, no European powers wanted to be left out • Berlin Conference-To prevent war 14 European Nations met to lay down the rules for dividing up Africa • A country could claim land by notifying other nations and showing they were in control

  8. Three Groups Clash Over South Africa • Africans, Dutch and English clashed over African resources • Zulus Fight the British • 1816 Zulu chief Shaka and his men used spears and shields nearly defeats the British • After losing the Battle of Ulundi in 1879 the Zulu nation fell under British control

  9. Three Groups Clash Over South Africa • Boers and British Settle in the Cape • Boers were Dutch farmers who gradually took more African land • To escape the British the Boers headed north from the Cape of Good Hope and soon found themselves fighting the Zulus

  10. Three Groups Clash Over South Africa • The Boer War • Boers tried to keep foreigners out and away from diamonds and gold began to fight with the English for control of land • Over 14,000 South African died in concentration camps • In 1910, the Boer republics joined a self-governing Union of South Africa

  11. Section 3-Europeans Claim Muslim Lands

  12. Ottoman Empire Loses Power • The Ottomans Failed Reforms- • In 1789 Selim III came to power and tried to modernize the Ottoman army but the older janissaries resisted • He was overthrown and his reform movements were abandoned • As other countries gained independence the Ottomans continued to lose territory

  13. Europeans Grab Territory • Geopolitics-An interest in or taking of lands for it’s strategic location or products • Europeans desire to the Ottomans territory was its downfall

  14. Europeans Grab Territory • Crimean War-War that broke out between the Russians and the Ottomans over the land surrounding the Black Sea • Russia wanted a warm-weather port • France and England joined on the side of the Ottomans and helped defeat Russia • 1st war were women established themselves as army nurses and was covered by correspondents

  15. Europeans Grab Territory • “The Great Game”-The geopolitical conflicts between Britain and Russia over British controlled India

  16. Egypt Initiates Reform • Military and Economic Reforms in Egypt • Muhammad Ali emerged as Egypt's leader after he broke away from the Ottomans • Beginning in 1831 he launched a series of battles that netted Syria and Arabia • He also shifted Egyptian agriculture to one based on cotton and other cash crops • Suez Canal-Canal that connect the Red Sea and the Mediterranean • Cost $450 million which the Egyptians ultimately couldn’t repay

  17. Section 4-British Imperialism in India

  18. British Expand Control Over India • British Economic Interest in India • Began in the 1600’s with the East India Company (Britain) • From 1757 to 1858 they were leading power in India • Sepoys-Indian military soldiers

  19. British Expand Control Over India • India was considered the “jewel in the crown” • Britain saw India as its most important colony and valued India’s potential more than it’s actual profit at first

  20. British Expand Control Over India • British policy was designed so the Indian economy couldn’t operate on it’s own • India had to produce raw materials and buy English manufactured goods • Indian competition with English goods was prohibited

  21. British Expand Control Over India • Negative Impact of Colonialism- • British restricted Indian-owned industries • This leads to a loss of self-sufficiency for many villages • The switch to cash crops led to famines in the late 1800’s • Britain adopted a hands-off policy towards religion and social customs • Missionaries and racist officials threatened traditional Indian life

  22. British Expand Control Over India • Positive Impact of Colonialism- • The third largest railroad network was built in India • This allowed India to- • Develop a modern economy • Brought unity by connecting regions • Other Positive Impacts included • Telegraph and telephone lines, dams, bridges and irrigation canals were built • Schools and Universities were built • Sanitation greatly improved

  23. The Sepoy Mutiny • 1857-Rumors spread that the cartridges of the Sepoy’s new rifles were greased with pork and beef fat • You would have to bite off the ends to use them and this was seen as a huge insult resulting in 85 of the 90 Sepoy soldiers refusing to take them • Pork against Islamic beliefs • Hindus viewed Cows as sacred creatures • Soldiers who refused were jailed • May 10th, 1857 the soldiers marched to and captured the city of Delhi

  24. The Sepoy Mutiny • The Sepoy Mutiny marked a turning point in India’s history • The British took direct command of India in 1858 • The Raj-Refers to British rule of India beginning during the reign of Queen Victoria • The mutiny increased distrust between the British and the Indians

  25. Nationalism Surfaces in India • Early 1800’s-Indians began demanding modernization and a greater role in their own governing • Ram Mohun Roy saw a need for India to move towards more modern practices • Saw India’s Caste system and arranged marriages as reasons outside forces were still ruling India

  26. Nationalism Surfaces in India • Two Nationalist Parties formed in India • Indian National Congress in 1885 and the Muslim League in 1906 • Both groups called for self-government in India • 1905-Bengal Province Divided • Too large to govern so it was divided into a Hindu section and a Muslim section • Separated by religion it made it hard for them to unite for independence from Great Britain • Britain re-divided the territory in 1911

  27. The Age of Imperialism Questions • 1. What years did the scramble for Africa take place? • 2. What is the definition of Imperialism? • 3. What a three things that describe African before the Europeans came during the Imperialism times? • 4. Define Racism. • 5. Define Social Darwinism.

  28. The Age of Imperialism Questions (continued) • 6. Why did Britain consider India the “Jewel in it’s crown”? • 7. Why didn’t Indians unite against the British in the Sepoy Mutiny? • 8. What form did British rule take under the Raj? • 9. What are geopolitics? • 10. How did Muhammad Ali direct the shift of Egyptian agriculture? • 11. Why did Great Britain want to control the Suez Canal?

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