The Age of Imperialism

1. The Age of Imperialism

2. Section 1-The Scramble for Africa

3. Africa Before European Domination • Imperialism-The seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country • Africa Before Europeans Arrived • Africa had powerful trade kingdoms • Timbuktu was a center of learning • Followed either traditional beliefs, Christianity or Islam

4. Africa Before European Domination • Nations Compete for Overseas Empires • By 1880 European’s only controlled 10% of Africa • African’s controlled their own trade networks and supplied the goods • The Chokwe collected ivory and beeswax • Original settlers were missionaries, explorers and humanitarians • They learned about Africa through travel books and newspapers

5. Driving Forces Behind Imperialism • The race for African colonies grew out of a strong sense of nationalism • European nations were determined to plant their flag on as much land as possible • Racism-The belief that one race is superior to another • Social Darwinism-The races fittest for survival enjoyed wealth and success b/c they were superior to others

6. Driving Forces Behind Imperialism • Forces Promoting Imperialism in Africa • Europe’s technological superiority • The Maxim Gun • Worlds 1st automatic machine gun • The Steam engine • Allowed European’s to travel deeply into the jungles • A variety of languages and cultures discouraged unity among the tribes

8. The Division of Africa • Colonization began around 1880 • Diamonds were discovered in 1867 and gold in 1886 so, no European powers wanted to be left out • Berlin Conference-To prevent war 14 European Nations met to lay down the rules for dividing up Africa • A country could claim land by notifying other nations and showing they were in control

9. Three Groups Clash Over South Africa • Africans, Dutch and English clashed over African resources • Zulus Fight the British • 1816 Zulu chief Shaka and his men used spears and shields nearly defeats the British • After losing the Battle of Ulundi in 1879 the Zulu nation fell under British control

10. Three Groups Clash Over South Africa • Boers and British Settle in the Cape • Boers were Dutch farmers who gradually took more African land • To escape the British the Boers headed north from the Cape of Good Hope and soon found themselves fighting the Zulus

11. Three Groups Clash Over South Africa • The Boer War • Boers tried to keep foreigners out and away from diamonds and gold began to fight with the English for control of land • Over 14,000 South African died in concentration camps • In 1910, the Boer republics joined a self-governing Union of South Africa

12. Section 3-Europeans Claim Muslim Lands

13. Ottoman Empire Loses Power • The Ottomans Failed Reforms- • In 1789 Selim III came to power and tried to modernize the Ottoman army but the older janissaries resisted • He was overthrown and his reform movements were abandoned • As other countries gained independence the Ottomans continued to lose territory

14. Europeans Grab Territory • Geopolitics-An interest in or taking of lands for it’s strategic location or products • Europeans desire to the Ottomans territory was its downfall

15. Europeans Grab Territory • Crimean War-War that broke out between the Russians and the Ottomans over the land surrounding the Black Sea • Russia wanted a warm-weather port • France and England joined on the side of the Ottomans and helped defeat Russia • 1st war were women established themselves as army nurses and was covered by correspondents

16. Europeans Grab Territory • “The Great Game”-The geopolitical conflicts between Britain and Russia over British controlled India

17. Egypt Initiates Reform • Military and Economic Reforms in Egypt • Muhammad Ali emerged as Egypt's leader after he broke away from the Ottomans • Beginning in 1831 he launched a series of battles that netted Syria and Arabia • He also shifted Egyptian agriculture to one based on cotton and other cash crops • Suez Canal-Canal that connect the Red Sea and the Mediterranean • Cost $450 million which the Egyptians ultimately couldn’t repay

20. Section 4-British Imperialism in India

21. British Expand Control Over India • British Economic Interest in India • Began in the 1600’s with the East India Company (Britain) • From 1757 to 1858 they were leading power in India • Sepoys-Indian military soldiers

22. British Expand Control Over India • India was considered the “jewel in the crown” • Britain saw India as its most important colony and valued India’s potential more than it’s actual profit at first

23. British Expand Control Over India • British policy was designed so the Indian economy couldn’t operate on it’s own • India had to produce raw materials and buy English manufactured goods • Indian competition with English goods was prohibited

24. British Expand Control Over India • Negative Impact of Colonialism- • British restricted Indian-owned industries • This leads to a loss of self-sufficiency for many villages • The switch to cash crops led to famines in the late 1800’s • Britain adopted a hands-off policy towards religion and social customs • Missionaries and racist officials threatened traditional Indian life

25. British Expand Control Over India • Positive Impact of Colonialism- • The third largest railroad network was built in India • This allowed India to- • Develop a modern economy • Brought unity by connecting regions • Other Positive Impacts included • Telegraph and telephone lines, dams, bridges and irrigation canals were built • Schools and Universities were built • Sanitation greatly improved

26. The Sepoy Mutiny • 1857-Rumors spread that the cartridges of the Sepoy’s new rifles were greased with pork and beef fat • You would have to bite off the ends to use them and this was seen as a huge insult resulting in 85 of the 90 Sepoy soldiers refusing to take them • Pork against Islamic beliefs • Hindus viewed Cows as sacred creatures • Soldiers who refused were jailed • May 10th, 1857 the soldiers marched to and captured the city of Delhi

27. The Sepoy Mutiny • The Sepoy Mutiny marked a turning point in India’s history • The British took direct command of India in 1858 • The Raj-Refers to British rule of India beginning during the reign of Queen Victoria • The mutiny increased distrust between the British and the Indians

28. Nationalism Surfaces in India • Early 1800’s-Indians began demanding modernization and a greater role in their own governing • Ram Mohun Roy saw a need for India to move towards more modern practices • Saw India’s Caste system and arranged marriages as reasons outside forces were still ruling India

29. Nationalism Surfaces in India • Two Nationalist Parties formed in India • Indian National Congress in 1885 and the Muslim League in 1906 • Both groups called for self-government in India • 1905-Bengal Province Divided • Too large to govern so it was divided into a Hindu section and a Muslim section • Separated by religion it made it hard for them to unite for independence from Great Britain • Britain re-divided the territory in 1911

30. The Age of Imperialism Questions • 1. What years did the scramble for Africa take place? • 2. What is the definition of Imperialism? • 3. What a three things that describe African before the Europeans came during the Imperialism times? • 4. Define Racism. • 5. Define Social Darwinism.

31. The Age of Imperialism Questions (continued) • 6. Why did Britain consider India the “Jewel in it’s crown”? • 7. Why didn’t Indians unite against the British in the Sepoy Mutiny? • 8. What form did British rule take under the Raj? • 9. What are geopolitics? • 10. How did Muhammad Ali direct the shift of Egyptian agriculture? • 11. Why did Great Britain want to control the Suez Canal?