Morphology Morphological analysis

1. MorphologyMorphological analysis Linguistics 200 Spring 2003

3. Ann Landers: linguistic issues • What are the rules for forming words in English? e.g. • which words can be suffixed with –est? • which words can be prefixed with re-? • Variation among native speakers

4. Morphological competence • What native speakers know about well-formed words • Possible vs. impossible words • Prevent Los Angelization Now (PLAN) • “Kinko’s, the new way to office” • Properties of words • appropriate context for use (part of speech) • meanings; e.g. unfoldable • ‘not foldable’ or ‘capable of being unfolded’

5. Defining ‘word’ • Problems with white space definition • Inconsistency in languages with writing systems • footnote • road rage • time-depth • Languages without writing systems • Syntactic tests • Answer to questions: • what is that an example of? road rage • Phonological tests

6. Morphemes (signs) • Smallest form (sound, sign) associated with a particular meaning • spoken languages, ‘morpheme’ • [flAwr]  • [liv-z]  • sign languages, ‘sign’ 

7. Examples of morphemes

8. Morpheme  syllable

9. Free vs. bound morphemes free: can stand alone as separate wordscertain, able, carton, finch, pinch, sycamore bound: cannot stand alone as separate words/n/- negative (unkind); reverse (unfold)/In/- negative-/Ayz/ ‘to cause to become’-/z/ plural bound morphemes represented with hyphen

10. Affix vs. root morphemes Roots • can be bound or free • major (referential) component of word meaning  • phonology: typically have longer, more complex shapes than affixes stadium, sycamore, hamamelidanthemum  • most words contain a root morpheme

11. Affix types • Prefixes--added to the left of a root: /n/- (un) negative  • Suffixes---added to the right of a root:-/ayz/ ‘to cause to become’, -/z/ plural • Infixes---added within a root • Not all words contain affixes • Words may contain more than one affix

12. Some common morphological processes • Affixation • root – suffix • prefix – root • r- infix -oot • Compounding

13. Sahaptin verbs Identify all morphemes. Long vowels are transcribed here [AA] (instead of [A:]).

14. Morphological analysis

15. [] = voiceless uvular fricative More Sahaptin verbs

16. Revised morphological analysis

17. Compounding • [root][root]

18. Compounds in Sahaptin

19. Allomorphs of a morpheme A morpheme may have more than one phonological shape. English plural suffix:

20. Allomorphs Distribution of allomorphs of English plural suffix: English sibilants = [s z šž c]

21. Underlying representation • The forms of the English plural suffix are predictable from context. • The plural suffix has a basic representation: -/z/ • Phonology • /z/  [s] / voiceless___ (assimilation) • Ø  [] / sibilant ___ sibilant (epenthesis)

22. Allomorphs • Phonological rules can also convert one phoneme into another (morphophonemics) • /z/  [s] / voiceless___

23. Sahaptin perfect suffix

24. Allomorphs of perfect suffix

25. Underlying representation of perfect suffix /A/  [š] /š/  [A]

26. Underlying representations of perfect suffix • -/š/ is added to consonant final roots • -/ya/ is added to vowel final roots • /y/  [w] / u ___ (assimilation)

27. Summary of morphology (so far) • New terminology: morpheme, root, affix, bound, free • Morphological processes: affixation, compounding • Morphological analysis • Allomorphs of morphemes