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Morphological change

Morphological change. Historical Linguistics. Interim review. Lexical / semantic change Phonological change Morphological change Syntactic reanalysis / grammaticalization Psychological / cognitive aspect Sociolinguistic aspects Geographical and lexical diffusion The invisible hand theory.

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Morphological change

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  1. Morphological change Historical Linguistics

  2. Interim review • Lexical / semantic change • Phonological change • Morphological change • Syntactic reanalysis / grammaticalization • Psychological / cognitive aspect • Sociolinguistic aspects • Geographical and lexical diffusion • The invisible hand theory

  3. Analogy A : B C

  4. Analogy A : B C : X

  5. Hypercorrection ‘dark’ [dark] ‘court’ [kOrt] ‘avocado’ [avOkardo]

  6. Hypercorrection Peter and me went swimming. Peter and I went swimming. Sally talked to Peter and me. Sally talked to Peter and I.

  7. Morphological reanalysis a naddre a napron an adder an apron an ewt a newt an ekename a nickname

  8. Morphological reanalysis Stage 1 ouvert [Uv@r]covered [kAv@rt] Sound change Reanalysis Stage 2 overt [Ov@rt] covert [kOv@rt]

  9. Morphological reanalysis regard : regard-less = irrespective ir-regard-less

  10. Morphological reanalysis ‘male’ ‘femelle’ ‘male’ ‘female’

  11. Morphological reanalysis Frankfurter Hamburger Morphological reanalysis Ham+Burger Analogical extension Cheese+Burger

  12. Backformation SG PL pese pisan [pis] [pi] ‘pea’ [pis] ‘peas’

  13. Backformation Established pattern to exhibit – exhibit-or Back formation >> editor > to edit printer – to print >> laser > to lase maintenance – to maintain >> surveillance > to surveille

  14. Competing patterns ‘sword’ [swOrd] > [sOrd] ‘swore’ [swOr] ‘swear’ [swEr] ‘swollen’ [swOl@n] ‘swell’ [swEl]

  15. Competing motivations A crucial observation has been that there are always competing phonological pressures, both syntagmatic and paradigmatic; these can never all be satisfied at once, and a great deal of phonological change can be understood as endless attempts at satisfying these competing pressures, with each resulting change typically introducing new strains into the system.” (Trask 1996: 95-96)

  16. Sturtevant’s paradox Sound change is regular, but produces irregularity; analogy is irregular, but produces regularity.

  17. Sturtevant’s paradox

  18. Sturtevant’s paradox

  19. Sturtevant’s paradox

  20. Sturtevant’s paradox Old English Present ce:osan [z] Past SG ce:as [s] Past PL curon [r] Past PTC gecoren [r]

  21. Sturtevant’s paradox Old English Modern English Present ce:osan [z] choose [z] Past SG ce:as [s] chose [z] Past PL curon [r] chose [z] Past PTC gecoren [r] chosen [z]

  22. Sturtevant’s paradox OHG Present kiusan [z] Past SG ko:s [s] Past PL kurun [r] Past PTCgikoran [r]

  23. Sturtevant’s paradox OHG PDG Present kiusan [z] küren [r] Past SG ko:s [s] kor [r] Past PL kurun [r] kor [r] Past PTCgikoran [r] gekoren [r]

  24. Syntactic reanalysis Syntactic change Structural reanalysis Grammaticalization

  25. Syntactic reanalysis Mir hat der Film nicht gefallen. Mir leuchtet das nicht ein. Mir sind viele Menschen begegnet. Mir ist kalt. I didn’t like the movie. I don’t understand that. I met many people. I am cold.

  26. Syntactic reanalysis than cynge licoden peran. The-DAT king-DAT were-pleasing pears ‘Pears were pleasing to the king’ (i.e. The king liked pears) *Peran licoden than cynge. Pears were-pleasing the-DAT king-DAT

  27. Syntactic reanalysis The king liceden peares the king were-pleased pear-s ‘Pears were pleasing to the king’ (i.e. The king liked pears) The king liked pears. He liked pears.

  28. Syntactic reanalysis I believe that she will take the job. English Ich verstehe, dass Sie nicht kommen. German Ik weet dat hij veel vrienden heeft. Dutch Jag trodde, att hans sista stund var kommen. Swedish

  29. Syntactic reanalysis Middle High German joh gizalta in sâr thaZ, thiu sâlida and told them immediately that the luck untarin uuas amongthem was ‘And he told them immediately that good fortune was among them.’ I can tell you this: I won’t talk to that guy.

  30. Syntactic reanalysis Old English D{t gefremede Diulius hiora consul, that arranged Diulius their consul D{t D{t angin wearD tidlice Durthogen COMPthat beginning was in.time achieved ‘Their consul Diulius arranged (it) that it was started on time.’

  31. Syntactic reanalysis (1)Ic hæbbe [þo-ne fisc gefange-ne] I have the-ACC fish caught-ACC ‘I have the fish caught’ (=I have the fish in a state of being caught)

  32. Syntactic reanalysis (2) thin geleafa hæfth the gehæled. your faith has you healed.ø ‘Your faith has healed you.’ (3) thin geleafa hæfthgehæledthe. your faith has healed.ø you ‘Your faith has healed you.’

  33. Otto Behagel Things that belong together occur together.

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