The Story of Architecture

1. The Story of Architecture Chapter 17 From Pioneers to Establishment: The Americas and Beyond

2. The New World • Where the Europeans established colonies or missionary activity, the architectural style was at first a primitive version of the parent country with adaptations to climate, local materials and the skills of local craftsmen. • Sometimes it was a straight import; sometimes the native tradition won out.

3. Mercedarian Monastery, Quito, Ecuador, 1630 Brunellesci’s Foundling Hospital transplanted in more lush surroundings

5. Governor’s Palace, Santa Fe, New Mexico 1610 (adobe)

6. Parlange, Pointe Coupee Parish, New Orleans 1750 Distinctive French style with colonnaded galleries

7. Metropolitan Cathedral, Mexico City 1563 Churrigeresque ornament Sagrario (Sacrament Chapel)

8. ESTÍPITE • A column or pilaster, tapered at the bottom and formed of several elaborately carved sections. Typical of late Baroque buildings in Spain and Latin America. Between 1720 and 1760, the Churrigueresque column, or estipite, in the shape of an inverted cone or obelisk, was established as a central element of ornamental decoration. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churrigueresque

9. Cathedral Zacatecas 1729 Folk Baroque http://www.mexicanarchitecture.org/glossary/pages/slideshow.php?building=Zacatecas_Zacatecas_Cathedral_full&id=43

10. Sao Francisco, Salvador, Brazil 1701 • Aztec/Baroque forms in gilt wood and plaster

11. 17th Century Cathedral, Cuzco, Peru and the Campania 1651 Basic severe classicism of Spain’s Philip II Escorial but with slim pillars on the West front From the Il Gesu, Rome

12. San Francisco, Tiaxcala, Mexico 1521 • Cortez is said to have founded the earliest church on the continent where local cedar wood was used for beams.

13. Cathedral, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic 1521-41 • Late Spanish Gothic in the Plateresque West front

14. San Agustin Acolman, Mexico City 1520s • Gothic and Moorish details grafted on a Spanish Plateresque style The elegant alfíz on San Agustín’s façade is a work of magnificent plateresque, elaborate yet well contained and proportioned.

15. Alfiz • The alfiz architectonic adornment, is a moulding, usually a rectangular panel, which encloses the outward side of an arch. Although islamic, it appears in Christian Spanish architecture since 8th century. • As the image illustrates, there are two alfiz variants: • A Alfiz starting from the impost. • B Alfiz starting from the floor. • The space between the arch and the alfiz is called enjuta or arrabá, usually richly decorated (iron-gray in the illustration). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfiz

16. Sagrario, Ocotlan, Mexico 1745Aleijadinho, Ouro Preto, Brazil 1766 • South American Baroque: a combination of naivety with dazzling beauty

17. Parson Capen House, Topsfield, Massachusetts From stone to wood • From exuberant Baroque tempered with peasant innocence to the severe simplicity of early settlements on the eastern seaboard of North America • The Europeans who landed in South America were conquerors; while settlers in the New England states came seeking freedom to worship and to escape from poverty and fear

18. Parson Capen House, Topsfield, Massachusetts • A distinctive type of frame house evolved – the balloon frame which could be easily erected by the community, as a barn-raising. • Timber frame and shingle roof; clad in clapboard. Upper floor juts over the lower typical of English Elizabethan frame houses. Windows not recessed as in Georgian brick but flush with the wall as suits timber.

19. Longfellow House, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1759 • A later, more elegant form of frame house in Georgian style with captain’s walk on the roof

20. Shirley Plantation, Virginia 1723 A handsome, two-storey Palladian colonnade with tall slim pillars looking across ample parkland

21. Mount Vernon, Virginia 1757George Washington’s timber Georgian house

22. Mount Pleasant Philadelphia 1761 • Rubbled walls stuccoed over and scored to look like brick with brick on the quoins

23. College of William and Mary • Earliest Renaissance buildings in America possibly by Sir Christopher Wren

24. William Byrd, Westover, Charles City County, Virginia 1730 Imported English fittings for this gracious and ample brick house

25. Thomas Jefferson, Monticello 1770 • Palladian Villa

26. University of Virginia 1817 An “academic village”, now a typical campus A living museum of different sizes and types of classical buildings; the library modelled on the Pantheon

27. Pierre Charles L’Enfant, Plan for Washington, D.C. • Laid out in a grid crossed diagonally by avenues with the names of the states they point to

28. The “Palladian” White House, by James Hoban 1792 • It has an air of reticence and good breeding, not dominating Washington but reflecting its elegance

29. Characteristic American Church of the period based on Wren and Gibbs • Christchurch, Boston St. Michael’s, Charleston

30. Latrobe, Catholic Cathedral, Baltimore 1805-18 America’s first coffered dome adapted from French and English classical influences

31. Classicism in America Latrobe, Bank of Philadelphia 1832 William Strickland, Philadelphia Merchant’s Exchange, “a stunning piece of Greek revival”; a colonnaded apse surmounted, not with a dome, but a simple tempietto lantern based on the Choragic Monument of Lysicrates

32. Capitol, Washington, D.C. 1793-1867

33. Capitol, Washington, D.C. 1793-1867 • The triple-tiara dome by Thomas Walter gives it its world-famous silhouette • Made of cast iron

34. Cast Iron in Buildings Inisfail is a fine example of the impressive 1880's Victorian Filigree architecture located on Royal Parade in the Melbourne suburb of Parkville. An incredible example of fretwork at its finest. Just beautiful.

35. Cast Iron in Buildings • Trinity Terrace is a set of five beautiful and well preserved Victorian Filigree style terrace houses that are located on Royal Parade in the Melbourne suburb of Parkville. Completed in 1887, they each feature an elaborately detailed parapet and finely crafted floral cast iron lace work which is of the highest quality. Elizabeth House, Parkville, Melbourne

36. Started construction as a law court, redesigned as the cathedral with Greenway brickwork and copper-sheathed spire

37. Georgian Houses in Hobart, Tasmania A Victorian interpretation of Italian Renaissance Similar to the terraces of Brighton Sussex with views out to sea

38. Sydney Street Scene

39. neo-Palladian and neo-Classical Style throughout the British Empire Penang Town Hall, Malayasia The plans of Kedleston Hall (1759-1789), Derby, by Robert Adam, had been published and became the model for Government House, Calcutta.

40. The last romantic • The era of European architectural styles being exported world-wide became an accepted norm. Other revivals will come and go with new stylistic features. But new materials and methods of construction are on the horizon and will change architecture down to its very roots.