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Introduction to Biology

Introduction to Biology. What is Biology?. The study of life The science of living things. Origins of word “biology”. Biology (Greek or Latin origin) Bios = life Logos = study of. Cellular composition Growth Reproduction Movement Adaptation. Metabolism Specific organization

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Introduction to Biology

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  1. Introduction to Biology

  2. What is Biology? • The study of life • The science of living things

  3. Origins of word “biology” • Biology (Greek or Latin origin) • Bios = life • Logos = study of

  4. Cellular composition Growth Reproduction Movement Adaptation Metabolism Specific organization Homeostasis Responsiveness Characteristics of Life

  5. Cellular Composition • Made up of at least one cell • Unicellular - made of one cell (bacteria, amoeba, paramecium) • Multicellular - made up of two or more cells (plants, fungi, animals)

  6. Growth • Increase in cell size (unicellular) and/or an increase in cell number (multicellular)

  7. Reproduction • Asexual- cell division (mitosis)—one cell becomes two Ex: bacteria • Sexual- union of sex cells (sperm and egg) Ex: plants and animals

  8. Movement • 3 types: • Place to Place- (ex: bear running, bird flying, etc) • External Part- (ex: + phototropism, plants orient leaves toward sun) • Internal- (ex: cytoplasmic streaming)

  9. Adaptation • Changing to meet the needs of the environment Examples: 1. Bird migration- behavioral adaptation

  10. Adaptation (continued) • Human body temperature- Physiological adaptation • Hibernation- physiological adaptation • Hare ear length (desert vs. arctic hares)- structural adaptation

  11. Metabolism • Set of chemical reactions that convert “food” into energy

  12. Specific Organization • Certain parts do specific jobs (ex: heart, nucleus, chloroplasts, etc)

  13. Homeostasis • Maintaining the same state Homeo = same, steady Stasis = state Examples: -Water balance inside and outside of cell -Human body temperature *Cells function best when these are in balance

  14. Responsiveness • Reaction(s) to various stimuli Examples of stimuli: light, heat, pH, vibration, smell, etc.– earthworms respond to all of these

  15. Biology is a Unified Science • Biology + Chemistry + Physics= Science Why do arctic hares turn white in winter?

  16. 1. Arctic winter conditions

  17. Kirkoff’s Laws • White: Good reflector (reflects light and heat) Poor radiator (heat is lost slowly) • Black: Good absorber (absorbs light and heat) Good radiator (heat is lost quickly)

  18. Branches of Biology • Zoology- the study of animals • Ichthyology- the study of fish Why Important? Fish are indicatorspecies. Alert humans to potential environmental problems

  19. Mammalogy- study of mammals (NASA) • Ornithology- the study of birds Why important? DDT(insecticide used in ‘50s and ’60s) Birds of prey #s declined bioaccumulation- the build up of chemicals or toxins in living things

  20. Botany- the study of plants Why important? Food production, medicines • Microbiology- study of small life Why important? Medicines, bioterrorism

  21. Anatomy- study of an organism’s parts • Physiology- study of how organism’s parts work Why important? Health professions, veterinarians

  22. Entomology- study of insects Why important? West Nile virus, Yellow fever– carried by mosquitoes • Genetics- study of heredity and genetic material (DNA/RNA, chromosomes, genes) Why important? Cloning, research, solving crime

  23. Ecology- study of all life in a particular area, the relationships b/t those life forms and the environment Why important? AMD, Overpopulation Ozone Depletion/Greenhouse Effect Rainforest Destruction Pollution- other states pay to dump garbage in PA

  24. Cell Biology- the study of cells Why Important? Need to know about cells to learn more about whole organisms

  25. Biology As A Science Science Perspectives (3) • Teacher- organized body of knowledge -based on facts (some theories) -accuracy and precision important

  26. Student- + or – (some like, others don’t) • Man or Person on the Street- science has no value -no application to everyday life (uninformed view)

  27. Scientific Attitudes • Apply to science and everyday life • Careful Judgment Life examples A. Drugs/Alcohol B. Driving C. Firearms D. Sex/STDs

  28. Scientific Attitudes • Desire to Learn *Based on interest* Life Examples A. Hunting/Fishing B. Sports

  29. Scientific Attitudes • Cause and Effect- **when cause and effect is not understood, superstitious beliefs replace scientific ideas Science examples A. Galileo- sun-centered universe vs. earth-centered universe theory

  30. Peace Corps – vitamin A shots • Spontaneous Generation- non-living materials turn into living things Example: mud fish Life examples • Smoking/Chewing • Tanning Beds

  31. Scientific Attitudes • Concern for Human Welfare Life examples • Fire/Police depts. • Clergy • Teachers • Scouts • Americorps

  32. 1. Aristotle -Greek (1st bio. teacher) “Father of Biology and Zoology” Biology Pioneers

  33. More on Aristotle • Supported spontaneous generation theory • Created a theory of the elements 4 elements: • Earth B. Air • Water D. Fire -1st person to start classifying organisms

  34. Greek “Father of Medicine” Hippocratic Oath for doctors (part of his life-long legacy) 2. Hippocrates

  35. Dutch His hobby was lens grinding ** He did NOT invent the microscope, he perfected microscope lenses 3. Leeuwenhoek

  36. He was the first person to see: • Bacteria • Protozoans • Red blood cells • Sperm cells -He did NOT support spontaneous generation

  37. British Hospital conditions were dirty & infectious Used phenol as a disinfectant “Father of Aseptic Surgery” 4. Lister

  38. British Accidentally discovered first antibiotic (penicillin) 5. Fleming

  39. 6. Salk and 7. Sabin

  40. Developed 1st polio vaccine injection (1955) Didn’t patent vaccine, didn’t want to profit from his discovery Developed oral polio vaccine (1959) Vaccines are weakened forms of disease that tricks body into making antibodies Salk and Sabin

  41. Methods Used in Science • Technical Method (Cookbook Approach) -Materials are given -Directions are logical and lead to a known conclusion Ex: Water boils at what temperature F?

  42. Technical method (continued) Directions: • Water in beaker • Heat until boiling • Use thermometer to measure temp.

  43. Scientific (Research) Method -No materials given -No directions -Unknown conclusion

  44. 4 Basic Steps of Scientific Method • Observation • Hypothesis- educated guess that tries to explain observation • Test or experiment • Conclusion (match=finished; no match= start over again)

  45. Goldenrod Lab • Female insects deposit fertilized eggs along goldenrod stem early in growing season. Eggs develop into larva and the plant responds by forming galls. Galls are really tumors. • Galls are plant’s response to foreign bodies invading it. • Benefits to insect:

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