Defining the Medieval Period

1. Defining the Medieval Period The time period has also been called the “Middle Ages” and the “Dark Ages”

2. Medieval Europe: Stages

3. The Fall of the Roman Empire • Beginning of the Middle Ages • Invasions • End of the Roman emperors

4. The Barbarian Invasions • From Asia: Huns and Magyars • From the Germanic north: Saxons, Angles, and Goths

6. Rise of the Germanic Peoples • Ostrogoths: Italian peninsula • Visigoths: modern-day Spain • Angles and Saxons: modern-day Britain • Franks: central Europe “Invasion of the Goths into the Roman Empire,” a 19th-century painting

7. Clovis (466–511) • Established a Frankish kingdom in central Europe • Conquered many competing tribes and regional Roman political leaders • Converted to Christianity

9. Charlemagne (742–814) • Powerful leader, strong Christian • Created the Carolingian Empire • Crowned by Pope Leo III as the first Holy Roman Emperor

11. The Vikings • Warrior culture from Scandinavia • Raided Europe • Established settlements throughout Europe and even in North America A Viking longboat

13. Viking Lenses: To detect the location of the sun in cloudy weather, start fires

14. Did the Vikings make a telescope? http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/702478.stm

15. Rock Crystal Lenses from the Viking Harbor Town of Fröjel, Gotland in Sweden.

16. Penn State University: Medieval Technology and American HistoryThe Cam (or Camshaft)http://www.engr.psu.edu/mtah/photos/photos_saugus.htm

17. The Cam or Camshaft operation Animation: http://lrs.ed.uiuc.edu/students/hari1/ci335/3c.html

18. The Clock The earliest of these is credited to Jacopo de Dondi, who designed an astronomical clock for the cathedral tower in Padua in 1344. Curiously, almost every zodiac sign surrounds the clock face except for the balanced scales of Libra. (As the story goes, it was deliberately left out of the lineup by guild workers who felt they weren't treated fairly in salary negotiations.) http://www.newyorkcarver.com/inventions4.htm

19. Eyeglasses (1268)

20. The Cannon

21. Feudalism • A political, economic, and social system in which land was allocated in exchange for services; roles and obligations were clearly defined for all participants • Grew out of Roman practices of clientage/patronage • Originally developed as a means of protection and defense A French vassal receiving a feudal grant from the king

22. Feudal System Vocabulary • Lord • Vassal • Fief • Manor • Serf Feudal serfs

23. The Feudal Power Relationship

26. Why Crop Rotation?

27. Modern Crop Rotation

28. Knights • Elite military soldiers • Usually from the noble classes • Stages of training: page, squire, knight • Chivalry = code of behavior Statue of a medieval knight

29. The Medieval Tournament Means of practicing military skills

30. Castles • Centers of noble life • Purposes: • Intimidation • Military defense • Residence Warwick Castle, England

31. Aim: How did the Catholic Church become the most powerful and unifying force in Medieval Europe? Googleimages Church at Fulda, Germany

32. The Age of Faith • Why do you think that the Middle Ages in Europe is also known as the Age of Faith?

33. The Hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church

34. The Monastic Movement • Became popular in the 5th century • Arose as a reaction against the increasing “worldliness” of the Church • Monasteries: secluded religious communities • Benedictine monasticism: vows of chastity, poverty, obedience • Monasteries were centers of scholarship in the early middle ages St. Benedict

35. Struggle for Power between Church and Kings

36. Excerpt of a letter from Pope Innocent III (1198) “The Creator set up two great lights in the heavens; the greater light to rule the day the lesser light to rule the night. In the same way, the Church has set up two great lights on earth; the greater light, being the Pope, to rule over souls; the lesser light, being the king, to rule over bodies. Just as the moon’s light comes from the sun, does the power of the king come from the Pope. The more closely a king is willing to follow the Pope’s rule, the greater his light will be.” Q: According to Pope Innocent III, what ought to be the relationship between Church and State? NYC Curriculum

37. An Age of Faith and Superstition Faith in the Roman Catholic Church did not erase superstitions in Medieval Europe. Below were some common superstitions: • An evil witch could exchange a healthy child for a sickly one (the “changeling” was the substitute) • Preparing a table with three knives pleased good fairies • A person could change into the shape of a wolf • The croak of a raven would bring bad luck • Meeting a priest would bring good luck Patterns of Interaction

38. England • 1066: Norman Invasion • William the Conqueror (1027–1087) • Brought feudalism to England • Henry II (1154–1189) • Instituted a single common law code, unified court system William the Conqueror

39. Magna Carta (1215) • Conflict between King John and the English nobility • Nobles rebelled against excessive taxation, forced King John to sign the Magna Carta in 1215 • Limited power of the monarch • Formal recognition that the king was not above the law A photograph of the Magna Carta

40. Development of Parliament • Henry III (1216–1272) • Edward I (1239–1307) • Original parliament • House of Lords: nobles and church lords • House of Commons: knights and residents • Approved taxes, discussed policies, worked with the monarch to make laws Edward I

41. Islam in Europe • Islamic forces took control of Spain in the early 8th century • Muslim innovations • Agriculture • Architecture • Math and science Great Mosque of Córdoba

42. The Reconquista of Spain • Muslims ruled the Iberian Peninsula for nearly 800 years • Reconquista: Struggle between Christians and Muslims to control Spain • 718–1492 • King Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile Isabella and Ferdinand

43. The Crusades • 1095–1291 • Goals of the Crusades: • Convert nonbelievers • Eliminate heretics • Regain control of the Holy Land from the Muslims Louis IX of France leads crusaders against Damietta(port city), in Egypt

44. Pope Urban II • 1095: Pope Urban II’s speech • Promised spiritual rewards • Thousands responded to the call for religious warriors Pope Urban II calling for the Crusades

45. 1096: Mostly French knights Captured Jerusalem in 1099 Crusader states Jerusalem taken by Muslim forces under Saladin in 1187 The First Crusade (1096–1099) A depiction of the capture of Jerusalem by crusaders

46. Other Crusades • Major and minor crusades took place between the 12th and 14th centuries • Christians unsuccessful at recapturing the Holy Land • Popes invoked crusades more often and for non-spiritual purposes • Legacy of the Crusades: • Increased trade • Religious tensions arose The Crusade on Constantinople

47. Medieval Trade Routes Identify major Centers of trade: Hamburg, Bruges, Florence, Venice http://www2.coloradocollege.edu/Dept/HY/Ashley/HY104/images/MapKeys/medievalmaps.htm

48. Hanseatic League The League regulated taxes and had rules for fair trade among its members

49. The Guilds http://medievaleurope.mrdonn.org/guilds.html

50. Guild Rules • Price Control: The guild decided on the price of each item. All bakers, for example, changed the same price for a loaf of bread, the price set by the guild.  • Wage Control: All workers had to be paid the same, so that the best workers could not be enticed away with better wages somewhere else.  • Quality Control: Everyone had to satisfy the quality standards set by their respective guild. No one was allowed to sell shoddy goods.  • Advertising Control: No guild member could advertise their wares. The guilds wanted people to think that all wares offered the same quality, no matter what shop sold them.  No Jews were allowed to join guilds! http://medievaleurope.mrdonn.org/guilds.html