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The Crusader States

The Crusader States. Kingdom of Jerusalem , County of Edessa , Principality of Antioch , County of Tripoli. The Crusader States and Feudalism.

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The Crusader States

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  1. The Crusader States Kingdom of Jerusalem, County of Edessa, Principality of Antioch, County of Tripoli

  2. The CrusaderStates and Feudalism • The Latin States (Crusader States) weredeveloped on feudal principles by theirrulers,feudalismtailored to meet the differentcircumstances of the near East. • Baldwin of Flanders/Baldwin of Boulogne founded the county of Edessa on the way to Jerusalem in 1098 • Bohemond of Tarantoset up the principality of Antioch(not completing the pilgrimage to Jerusalem) • Godfrey of Bouillon (descendedfrom Charlemagne) became first ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem as ‘Advocate of the HolySepulchre’ • Raymond of Toulouse established the county of Tripoli after the capture of Jerusalem

  3. Jerusalem in the 11th/12th centuries

  4. County of Edessa • The mostvulnerablekingdom and had the shortest life. • An Armeniankingdom, usurped by Baldwin of Boulogne • Ruled by Baldwin of Boulogne (1098-1100). • Ruled by Baldwin of Le Bourg (1100-1108) • BothBaldwinslaterbecamekings of Jerusalem • Ruled by Jocelin of Courtenay (1118-31) • Ruled by Jocelin II (1131-1144) when the city fell to Zengi and marked the end of the County of Edessa

  5. Principality of Antioch Settled by Normans (southernItalianNormans) Under princes of the house of Hauteville, survivingwithdiminishedterritoryuntilcaptured by Baibars(Baybars) fromBohemond VI in 1268. County of Tripoli Settled by thosefrom Provence OnlyFrankish state based on a maritime city, ruled by the decendants of Raymond of Toulouse until 1187, whentaken over by Hauteville family (Antioch). Lost in 1289

  6. Kingdom of Jerusalem • Settled by men from Lorraine and fromnorthern France/Flanders • Lasteduntil Saladin took the city in 1187. • Thereafter the capital wascentred on the coastal city of Acre. • Rulers: Baldwin I of Boulogne (1100-1118), Baldwin II of Le Bourg (1118-1131), Count Fulk of Anjou (1131-43) withQueenMelisende, Baldwin III (1143-63), Amalric I (1163-74). Baldwin IV (1174-85), Baldwin V (1185-6), Guy of Lusignan (1186-92), Conrad of Montferrat (1192), Henry of Champagne (1192-7), Amalric II (1197-1205)….

  7. Main challenges of the newlycreatedcrusader states • Chronicshortage of western militarymanpower (mostcrusadersreturned home including, for ex. Robert of Normandy and Robert of Flanders. In JerusalemGodfreyhadjust 300 knights and 2000 footsoldiers to call on for support. In all, therewere never more than 2000 knightsavailable in the entire Latin controlledterritories for defence.

  8. Knights and soldiers

  9. Main challenges of the newlycreatedcrusader states 2) The Franks/crusaderswerealways in the minoritywithin the four Latin States –estimated population of Frankishsettlers – 250,000 – half in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Acre approx. 60,000, Tyre and Jerusalem 20,000- 30,000. This meanttheyhad to come to termswithboth the mixture of predominantlyEastern, Jewish and Muslim people who made up most of theirsubjects. The need to makeagreementswith local Muslimrulersled to disagreements and misunderstandingsamong the first western settlersand withlater contingents of crusadeswho came from Western Europe to support the states in the earlyyears of the 12th century.

  10. Main challenges of the newlycreatedcrusader states Later crusaders regarded all Muslims as enemies, and made no distinction between those Muslim rulers who were friendly or hostile towards the established crusader states. This was an important contributory cause of the failure of the Second Crusade in the 1140s.

  11. Main challenges of the newlycreatedcrusader states 3) The crusading states generally, and Jerusalem in particular, lackednaturalgeograhphicalboundarieswhich, combinedwiththeirshortage of manpower, created major problems of defence. Two key strategicneedswere to extend the crusader’s control from the confines of the coastal plains to the desertfrontiercities of Aleppo and Damascus, but the crusadersneversuccessfullyachievedthis. The Kingdom of Jerusalemrequired control of itssouthernboundarywithEgypt if itwas to gain permanent stability. The crusadersfailed to achievethis.

  12. Map of CrusaderStates

  13. The problem of manpower Attemptsatsettlement To solve the problem of manpower a number of measuresweretaken: • Settlersfrom the West wereoffered lands to settle. Townssuch as Caesareaweredeliberatelydeveloped as crusadingsettlements. • This solved the problem of manpower in twoways: (i) It constituted a kind of colonisingsettlement for further crusadersfrom the West to settle (ii) It was a gateway (like the othercoastaltowns) throughwhich furthersettlers and crusadersfrom the West couldreach the states.

  14. The problem of manpower There wereneverquiteenoughsettlers for the needs of the crusader states, and the inhospitably hot climateseems to have been particularlysevere on male new-bornchildren. This meantthat the manpowershortagewas not solved. CrusaderCastles and the MonasticOrders Twoorders of monkswerefounded, unique to the Latin States. Theseweremilitaryorders of knightsdedicated to the protection of Christians in the Holy Land, and the preservation of the Latin States in the East.

  15. The MilitaryOrders The Military Orders represent the fundamental crusading ideal of knighthood fighting as religious warriors against the enemies of Christ. Members of the Orders were few but often remarkable men. The Orders were entrusted with substantial areas of territory to defend, usually in regions bordering Muslim states, for example in northern Tripoli

  16. Image of a Templar and a Hospitallerknight

  17. The MilitaryOrders Though their numbers never exceeded a few hundred, the Military Orders were important elements in the military resources available to the Kingdom of Jerusalem and its neighbouring Latin States. Many grants of land and wealth were made to the Templars and Hospitallers by the inhabitants of the Latin States, and the heads or Masters of the two Orders became important figures in the politics of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

  18. Castles Belvoir, near the Sea of Galilee was the first genuinely concentric castle (1168). Only a few knights were needed to man Belvoir due to the superbly planned defensive principles behind its structure. The most famous castle of the Hospitallers was Krak des Chevaliers. It was the greatest and most ambitious of the Military Order’s fortifications, with walls 10 meters thick in places.

  19. Krak des Chevaliers

  20. Sucess of the fortifications The fortifications werevastlyexpensive. Theypartiallycompensated for the Crusader States’ lack of manpower, but provedinsufficient to enable the States’ rulers to extendtheirauthorityfrom the central plain in the West to the desertstrongholds of Aleppo and Damascus. Theyweresubstantial contributions to the defences of the Crusading States, but not very effective in enablingthem to realisetheir basic need of establishingreadilydefendednaturalboundaries by extendingtheir territorial controls.

  21. Decline of the Crusader States Afteralmost a centuryduringwhichtheypreserved a precarious existence, the Crusading States began to beretaken by the Muslims. Theyweredefeated by their basic manpowerproblem and the lack of sucess, partly due to this, in gainingeasilydefendednaturalfrontiers. In the mid-12th century, the Muslim world, whichhad been dividedat the time of the First Crusade, becamereunitedunder a series of great leaders.

  22. Decline of the Crusader States • Rise of Muslim opposition • Zengi, Nur ad-Din, Salah ad-Din (Saladin). • ZENGI • 1128, Zengi, the govenor of Mosul entered the city of Aleppo and embarked on a series of conquests of Muslims and Christians. • 1135 Zengi cleared the south-western approaches of Aleppo of Christian forces • 1137 he took Ba’rin from the county of Tripoli • November 1144 attacked the County of Edessa

  23. Rise of Muslimopposition & jihad • Christmas Eve 1144 Edessafell to Zengi and thissparked the Second Crusade • He hadtakenadvantage of the idea of jihad, holywar, against the Franj. • Zengidied in 1146 at the hands of one of his slaves, whilstheslept. • He wassucceeded by hisyounger son, Nur ad-Din • June 1149 Nur ad-Dindefeated an Antiochene (fromAntioch) army, a victorywhichheraldedhim as the champion of Islam. • The concept of jihad during the crusadeshadtwo aspects….

  24. Image of Zengi and/or Nur ad-Din

  25. Jihad Two aspects of jihad during the crusades: • Reconquest of the coastal lands, especiallyJerusalemfrom the Christians • Achievement of Muslimreligious and politicalunity Over the next 20 years, Nur ad-Dinconsolidatedhishold on the Muslim world.

  26. Nur ad-Din • April 1154 tookDamascus • June 1155 tookBa’albek, unifyingSyria • 1170 took Mosul By hisdeath in 1174, Nur ad-Dinhadtransformed the Muslimpoliticalscene: «In place of a confusedjumble of petty states therewasnow a powerful and unitedSyria, withEgyptunderitssuzerainty» (Jonathan Riley-Smith) In spite of this new-foundunity, therewas a power struggle afterhisdeath, in which Saladin, the Vizier of Egyptwassuccessful by 1175.

  27. Salah ad-Din (Saladin) • Saladin took over the smaller Muslim states in a series of great victories from his power base in Egypt. • 1174 Damascus fell to him • 1183 Aleppo fell to him • Saladin’s territories encircled the Crusader States • He launched a series of attacks on the Kingdom of Jerusalem (1170, 1171, 1173, 1177, 1179, 1180, 1182, 1183, 1184), though with no real concrete progress to show for these efforts. • Jerusalem remained a Christian state.

  28. Salah ad-Din • On 2nd July 1187, Saladin attacked the Kingdom of Jerusalemat the frontiertown of Tiberias. • The Christianswere, atthis stage exceptionallyweak and dividedfollowing the ddeath of the leperking Baldwin IV. • Saladin’sarmy of 30,000 included 12,000 cavalry, and King Guy of Jerusalemcouldonlymuster 20,000 men of who 1,200 wereknights, to oppose Saladin’s forces.

  29. Salah ad-Din and holywar • On 4th July 1187, at the Battle of Hattin, Saladin virtuallyannihilated the crusadingarmy. • King Guy and the fragment of the True Cross (a holy Christian relic) werecaptured by the victoriousMuslims. • On 2ndOctober 1187, Jerusalemwasoccupied by Saladin’s forces. • The city’sfallshocked the western world.

  30. Salah ad-Din’sachievements • Within two years, Saladin had captured over 50 crusader castles and little more than the port of Tyre remained in Christian hands. • The capture of Jerusalem sparked the Third Crusade in an attempt to retake Jerusalem from Saladin’s control.

  31. Image of Saladin

  32. Militaryevents in the CrusaderKingdoms • 1100-1130 – Period characterised by Latin expansion and advances • 1130-1153 – Christians on the defensive • 1153-1169 – CampaignsagainstEgypt • 1169-1187 – Latin States back on defensive

  33. 1100-1130- Latin expansion and advances • Invasion fromEgypt (1101, 1102, 1103, 1105, 1106, 1107, 1110, 1115, 1118, 1123) • Capture of key towns (Arsuf and Caesarea 1101, Acre 1104, Beirut and Sidon 1110, Tyre 1124, Ascalon 1154) • Drive into the interior of Palestine – eastwardstowardsDamascus (1122, 1129) and Aleppo (1100, 1125) • Invasion of Egypt by Baldwin I (died 1118)

  34. 1130-1153 – Christians on the defensive • Inability to recoverwhattheylost, though capable of somesporadicattacks. • LostEdessa, Ba’rin • Onlytwo major offensives (Seijar in 1137 withGreek/Byzantine help & Damascus in 1148 with the Second Crusade)

  35. 1153-1169 – CampaignsagainstEgypt • Occupation of Ascalon in 1154 • Invasions of Egypt by King Amalric (1163, 1164, 1167, 1168, 1169) all strained the kingdom’sresources

  36. 1169-1187 – Latin States back on defensive • Saladin regularly invaded the Kingdom of Jerusalem, taking it on 2nd October 1187

  37. REQUIRED READING The First Crusade and the Crusader States 1073-1192 • Chapter 5, pages 54-68 • Chapter 6, pages 69-79 • Chapter 7, pages 80-83 • Chapter 8, pages 93-103 • Chapter 9, pages 104-116 Course Booklet: The Crusades 1095-1291 • Section 3 – Foundation of the Crusader States • Section 6 – MilitaryAsepcts of the Crusades and Crusader States

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