“Crusades,” “Crusader,” and “Crusading”

1. “Crusades,” “Crusader,” and “Crusading” HIST 3004 8/26/13

2. Terminology • What are the Crusades? • What’s a crusade? • What are some examples of crusades?

3. Caped Crusaders…

4. What are the Crusades? • A series of conflicts conducted by Catholic Europeans against Muslims, pagans, heretics, and excommunicates beginning in 1095 and ending in 1291 (even though the crusading spirit lasted until 1798). • Crusading was a continuous enterprise, but later historians have numbered nine major crusades between 1095 and 1291.

5. What’s a crusader? I’m a…. • fideles Sancti Petri (faithful of Saint Peter) • milites Christi (knights of Christ) • pilgrims • crux (cross) → cruciata(to be marked with a cross) → croisade(crusade) • croisadefirst attested in 1570’s • crusade first attested in 1706 • crusade as “campaign against a public evil” first attested in 1786

6. The Women’s Crusade of 1873-74

7. The Temperance Crusaders

8. Eisenhower and “the Great Crusade” “You are about to embark upon the Great Crusade, toward which we have striven these many months. The eyes of the world are upon you. The hopes and prayers of liberty-loving people everywhere march with you. In company with our brave Allies and brothers-in-arms on other Fronts, you will bring about the destruction of the German war machine, the elimination of Nazi tyranny over the oppressed peoples of Europe, and security for ourselves in a free world.” June 6, 1944

9. Bush and the Tenth (or Twelfth) Crusade “We need to go back to work tomorrow and we will. But we need to be alert to the fact that these evil-doers still exist. We haven’t seen this kind of barbarism in a long period of time. No one could have conceivably imagined suicide bombers burrowing into our society and then emerging all in the same day to fly their aircraft – fly U.S. aircraft into buildings full of innocent people – and show no remorse. This is a new kind of – a new kind of evil. And we understand. And the American people are beginning to understand. This crusade, this war on terrorism is going to take a while. And the American people must be patient. I’m going to be patient. But I can assure the American people I am determined, I’m not going to be distracted, I will keep my focus to make sure that not only are these brought to justice, but anybody who’s been associated will be brought to justice. Those who harbor terrorists will be brought to justice. It is time for us to win the first war of the 21st century decisively, so that our children and our grandchildren can live peacefully into the 21st century.” Sept. 16, 2001

10. Bush continued… “I want to tell you something, we’ve got no better friends than Canada. They stand with us in this incredibly important crusade to defend freedom, this campaign to do what is right for our children and our grandchildren.” February 16, 2002

11. In the Media • Alexander Cockburn, “The Tenth Crusade” Counterpunch (9/7/02) • James Pinkerton, “Century In, Century Out – It’s Crusade Time” Newsday (12/4/03) “The West is no longer ‘Christendom,’ but we, as first cousins to the Europeans, retain the old faith and bring new kinds of idealism, such as democracy and human rights. But the Crusader spirit is still there; it’s still about bringing civilization and salvation to a backward people. As the born-again George W. Bush says, ‘This is about good vs. evil.’”