Religion & Reform

1. Religion & Reform (1812-1860) Chapter 4 Section 1

2. A Religious Awakening Pages 134-140

3. What We Will Learn Today: • What was the Second Great Awakening? • Why did many Americans discriminate against Mormons, Catholics, and Jewish people? • What did Transcendentalists believe? Ralph Waldo Emerson

4. The Second Great Awakening The Second Great Awakening profoundly influenced American life. Church membership skyrocketed. Reawakened religious feeling moved Americans to work for a wide variety of social reforms. Second Great Awakening – Religious revival movement in the first half of the 1800s. Revivalist – Preacher who works to renew the importance of religion in American life.

5. The Second Great Awakening The Second Great Awakening began on the frontier in Kentucky and then spread north and south, reaching the cities of the Northeast in the 1820s. Hundreds of preachers, including Charles Grandison Finney, set up revivalist camps in rural areas and attracted thousands of converts throughout the country. The converted often became so frenzied that they would roll, jerk, shake, shout, and even bark in excitement. Finney

6. The Second Great Awakening The Second Great Awakening began on the frontier in Kentucky and then spread north and south, reaching the cities of the Northeast in the 1820s. Hundreds of preachers, including Charles Grandison Finney, set up revivalist camps in rural areas and attracted thousands of converts throughout the country. Evangelical – Style of worship meant to elicit powerful emotions to gain converts. Finney

7. African Americans Embrace Spirit Many preachers of the Second Great Awakening welcomed African Americans at their revivals. However, some African Americans established their own, separate churches. In 1816, several of these churches united to become the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church. By 1826, the AME Church had nearly 8,000 members. Richard Allen

8. A Religious LeaderThe painted serving tray below commemorates the Congregationalist minister Lemuel Haynes. In 1785, he was perhaps the first African American to be ordained by a mainstream Protestant Church.

9. New Religious Groups Form The Church of Latter Day Saints, or Mormon Church, was founded by Ohioan Joseph Smith in 1830. The Mormons Mormons believed God had entrusted them with a new set of scriptures called the Book of Mormon. Because Smith also advocated polygamy, Mormons faced intense hostility and persecution from Protestants throughout the Midwest. Smith

10. Violence Against the Mormons

11. New Religious Groups Form An angry Illinois mob murdered Smith in 1844, his disciple Brigham Young took charge of the church and led a mass migration to the desert around the Great Salt Lake. The Mormons There the Mormons converted the barren lands into an oasis suitable for growing crops. Utah, the territory settled by the Mormons, did not become a state until 1896, when Mormons agreed to abandon the practice of polygamy. Young

13. New Religious Groups Form Members of Unitarian churches saw God as one being, instead of the traditional trinity (three beings) and created their own church around the ideas. The Unitarians

14. Catholics & Jewish People Face Discrimination Members of the Roman Catholic Church faced harsh discrimination in the early 1800s. Many Protestants viewed Catholicism as incompatible with American ideals of democracy. Poor Irish Catholics faced discrimination because they had little money, they would work for extremely low wages, which threatened other workers. Jewish people also faced discrimination. Until late in the 19th century, Jews were barred from holding political office in many parts of the United States.

15. Utopian Communities During the early 1800s, dozens of groups of Americans sought to improve their lives in a unique way. They chose to distance themselves from society by setting up communities based on unusual ways of sharing property, labor, and family life. These settlements came to be called utopian communities, or utopias, because they aspired to be perfect communities. Brook Farm, 1845

16. Utopian Communities A community of roughly 1,000 Americans in Indiana who believed socialistic communities could end poverty. The community collapsed in just a few short years. New Harmony Original Plans for New Harmony, Indiana New Harmony, Indiana in 1832 Robert Owen

17. Utopian Communities A community in Massachusetts closely affiliated with the Transcendentalist movement, preached harmony with nature and modest living. This community collapsed within a few years. Brook Farm

18. Journal #15 Imagining that you are an advisor to President Andrew Jackson, create a proposal for westward expansion that is favorable to both the government and the Native American population. The U.S. government wanted to expand America’s borders westward, but Native Americans inhabited that land. The government dealt with this by forcibly relocating many Native Americans to reservations on arid land far from their homes.

19. QUICK REVIEW • Whiskey Rebellion • Nativism • Industrial Revolution • Adams-Onis Treaty • XYZ Affair

20. Journal #16 During the early 1800s, dozens of groups of Americans sought to improve their lives in a unique way.They chose to distance themselves from society by setting up communities based on unusual ways of sharing property, labor, and family life. These settlements came to be called utopias because they aspired to be perfect communities. What would your utopian community look like?

21. QUICK REVIEW • Utopia • Charles Grandison Finney • Joseph Smith/Brigham Young • John Calhoun • Think--Tariff of Abominations • Spoils System

22. Utopian Communities Located in several states and boasted more than half a million members at its height, ultimately dissolved because believers were forbidden to marry or have sex. The Shaker Movement Shaker dance and worship.

24. Transcendentalists Advance New Ideas The New England Transcendentalists argued that not all knowledge comes from the senses and that ultimate truth “transcends” the physical world. Transcendentalists believed in the divinity of man’s inner consciousness and thought that nature revealed the whole of God’s moral law. Emerson Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Walt Whitman championed self-reliance and a rugged individuality that matched the character of the developing nation. Thoreau Whitman

25. Review: Religious Awakening

26. Religion & Reform (1812-1860) Chapter 4 Section 2

27. A Reforming Society Pages 142-145

28. What We Will Learn Today: • What did the public school movement accomplish? • What motivated Dorothea Dix to campaign for reform? • How successful was the temperance movement?

29. Reforming Education The leaders of the Second Great Awakening preached that their followers had a sacred responsibility to improve life on earth. One of the most popular reform movements was in the field of education. There were no public schools that children were required by law to attend, most children did not go to school. The PublicSchool Movement sought to establish a system of tax-supported public schools.

30. Reforming Education One of the greatest reformers was Horace Mann. Mann advanced the idea of free public schools that all children were required by law to attend. • He argued for: • state oversight of local schools • standardized school calendars • adequate school funding • abolishment of physical punishment • establishment of well-educated, professional teachers. Mann’s influence was felt nationwide. Government-supported public schools became the norm across the nation. The percentage of American children attending school doubled. Mann

31. Helping the Ill & Imprisoned A schoolteacher from Mass., Dorothea Dix spearheaded the campaign to establish publicly funded insane asylums to help the mentally ill. Her report on the unthinkable treatment of insane women in the state’s prisons convinced legislators to build the first asylums. Dix traveled thousands of miles promoting her cause. Dix

32. Helping the Ill & Imprisoned Dix and others also worked to reform American prisons. Until that time, most people viewed prisons as a place to punish criminals. Prison reformers, however thought that prisons should make criminals feel sorrow for their crimes. The prison reform system is thus sometimes called the penitentiary movement. Auburn Prison Inside Auburn Prison

33. Helping the Ill & Imprisoned Many American prisons followed the Auburn model. At the Auburn prison, in Central NY, in the 1820s, prisoners worked with one another during the day in strict silence but slept in individual cells at night. Auburn Prison Inside Auburn Prison

34. The Temperance Movement X Many of the days problems were attributed to the widespread use of alcohol. In response, reformers launched the temperance movement, an effort to end alcohol abuse and the problems created by it. The Temperance Movement sought to ban the manufacture, sale, and consumption of alcohol. Temperance – drinking alcoholic beverages in moderation. Dow

35. The Temperance Movement X Neal Dow earned a worldwide reputation for his lectures on alcohol abuse. As mayor of Portland, ME, he succeeded in securing the passage of the so-called “MaineLaw,” which restricted the sale of alcohol. Within a few years, a dozen states had passed similar laws. Temperance would remain an enduring issue for the next 100 years. Temperance – drinking alcoholic beverages in moderation. Dow

36. The Temperance Movement Q: What position on the temperance debate do you think the cartoonist holds? A: The artist supports temperance, he or she is suggesting that illnesses and crime results from alcohol consumption. The Root of All Evil? In the illustration above, alcohol is blamed for a number of problems, including epilepsy and cholera, two medical problems unrelated to alcohol use.

37. Journal #17 How does your school differ from the first public schools in America? Some of the earliest public schools in America were schoolhouses where eight grades were taught by one teacher in one room.

38. Quick Review • Charles Grandison Finney • Horace Mann • Dorothea Dix • Temperance Movement • Transcendentalists

39. Social Reform in the Early 1800s

40. Religion & Reform (1812-1860) Chapter 4 Section 3

41. The Antislavery Movement Pages 146-153

42. What We Will Learn Today: • How did enslaved people resist their captivity? • How did abolitionists attempt to bring about the end of slavery in the United States? • Why did many Americans oppose abolishing slavery?

43. Life Under Slavery Men, women, and children labored from dawn to dusk at backbreaking tasks. • cultivating fields of cotton • loading freight onto ships • preparing meals in scorching hot kitchens. Their “overseers” maintained brutal work routines by punishing people physically with beatings and whippings, and mentally, through humiliation and the threat of being separated from family members. Often, enslaved people were not allowed to learn to read, and family members who were separated never heard from each other again.

44. Surviving Through Spirit & Strength The miserable conditions forced on enslaved people took their inevitable toll. (Some took their own lives.) In a remarkable triumph of spirit over hardship, most enslaved people maintained their hope and dignity. • They worked to maintain networks of family and friends. • Parents passed on family stories that children could cherish wherever they might find themselves. • They took comfort in their religion.

45. Resisting Slavery Many enslaved people did whatever they could to fight back against their oppressors. A loose network of ever-changing escape routes called the UndergroundRailroad helped many reach freedom. In 1831, a slave named NatTurner led a revolt near Richmond, VA. Nat Turner’s Revolt Turner believed he had received a sign from God instructing him to lead his people to freedom. Freedman – A person who has been freed from slavery.

46. Resisting Slavery Turner’s group killed nearly 60 people before the local militia stopped their march. In the process of the manhunt that followed, the local militia killed dozens of African Americans. In the process of the manhunt that followed, the local militia killed dozens of African Americans. Turner was captured after six weeks. He and his associates were executed. How are southerners going to react after Nat Turner’s revolt? Nat Turner’s Capture

47. Life Under Slavery Daily Life Ways of Surviving Lives of Free Blacks • Heavy Labor • Took comfort in their religion. • Suffered from persistent racial discrimination. • Treated cruelly. Physical punishment, like beatings and whippings. • Encouraged to migrate to Africa. • Worked to maintain network of family and friends. • Worked together to establish churches and schools. • Kept family traditions alive. • Barely enough food, clothing, and shelter. • Tried to change and improve the lives of enslaved African Americans. • Family members separated. • Most slaves not allowed to learn to read.

48. The Fight Against Slavery Many northerners objected to slavery on moral grounds. By 1804, all states north of Maryland had passed legislation to end slavery. In 1807, brining new slaves to any part of the U.S. from Africa was banned. A growing number of Americans opposed to slavery began to speak out. Because they wanted slavery abolished, or ended, they became known as abolitionists. The great reform movement they led was the abolition movement. A printer named William Lloyd Garrison, became one of the leading abolitionists. Garrison

49. The Fight Against Slavery In 1831, Garrison began publishing his own antislavery newspaper, The Liberator. Garrison was in favor of emancipation, or the freeing of enslaved people. At first he thought, like most abolitionists, that this should be accomplished gradually over time to minimize economic and social disruption. But Garrison soon took the radical step of avocation immediate emancipation and extension of full political and social rights to African Americans. Garrison

50. The Fight Against Slavery Founded by Garrison, in 1833, founded the American Anti-Slavery Society had over 150,000 members nationally by 1844. The Society printed anti-slavery pamphlets and distributed them to churches and community organizations. They insisted that holding slaves was counter to most Americans’ religious ideals. Garrison