Lecture GEOG 335 Fall 2007 October 2, 2007

1. Lecture GEOG 335 Fall 2007 October 2, 2007

2. Background to the Development Project

3. Defining Development “Gradual unfolding, fuller working out; growth; evolution…; well grown state, stage of enhancement; product; more elaborate form….” - Oxford English Dictionary (adapted in Potter et al, 2004) “Development is a founding belief of the modern world….In development, all the modern advancements in science, technology, democracy, values, ethics and social organization fuse into the humanitarian project of producing a better world” (Peet & Hardwick 1999) “for two thirds of the people of the earth, [the] positive meaning of the word ‘development’ - profoundly rooted after two centuries of its social construction - is a reminder of what they are not. It is a reminder of an undesirable, undignified condition. To escape from it they need to be enslaved to others’ experiences and dreams.” (Esteva 1992)

4. Emphasis on movement/progress • Moving from an undesirable to desirable condition ( • poor to rich, • traditional to modern, • primitive to civilized, • agrarian to industrial) • Historical movement: towards a better future • Geographical movement: spreading from one place into another place

5. Emphasis on common goals • Who sets development goals? • What criteria is used to set goals? • How are development goals evaluated? Goals can be a window on “meanings” of development.

6. Development actors/subjects • Who “does” Development? (Development Actors)

7. Development actors/subjects • Who has Development “done” to them? (Development Subjects)

8. Development/development “…‘big D’ Development [can be] defined as a post-second world war project of intervention in the ‘third world’ that emerged in the context of decolonization and the cold war, and ‘little d’ development [as] the development of capitalism as a geographically uneven, profoundly contradictory set of historical processes.” (Hart, 2001: 650, quoted in Lawson 2006: 3)

9. Origins of Development

10. 18th and 19th Century Europe (particularly in England) • Development as unfolding (18th century) • Development as evolution/growth/scientificprogress (19th century) • The moral need for controlleddevelopment in the face of uncontrolledcapitalist growth • Development as a moral response to economic change/industrial revolution: • centered around scientific & industrial progress • emphasis on Christian ideals: trusteeship, mission/conversion, moral duty (“White man’s burden”)

11. Colonialism and the Third World Colonial Possessions, c. 1945 “Third World”

12. Phase 1: Search for Wealth • Gold, ivory, spices • SLAVES – why? TriangleTrade

13. Political Economy of Slavery • Plantation and mining economies of the “New World” required cheap slave labor… • … producing cheap raw materials for European and New England manufacturing • .. Finished goods (like guns, alcohol, iron) exported from Europe to purchase slaves

14. Phase 2: Search for Raw Materials … to feed the industrial revolution

15. Colonialization Redraws the Map

16. Justifications & Motivations for Colonialism (…and Development) • A philanthropic effort, often with religious and moral overtones • A benign force of economic modernization and social advancement • A way to gain access to resources and to open up new markets • A way to shape the geopolitical landscape by influencing/controlling territory (now countries) and by denying your rivals/enemies influence/control

17. Colonialism & Capitalism • The success of the industrial revolution based on European colonial expansion • Colonies provided raw materials for extraction and markets for manufactured goods. • Between 1875 and 1915: 1/4 of the earth’s land surface was colonized by a handful of countries • Different from merchantilism: rooted in new economic (capitalist) and political (nationalist/ imperialist) processes

18. Emergence of the Modern Development Project • Nationalism and Struggles for Independence in the Colonies • Rise of Economics as dominate force in Development Theory • Applying Economic Development to (former) Colonies (particularly in Africa) • President Truman and the “invention” of Development

19. Truman’s 1949 Inaugural Address