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Cell Structure

Cell Structure . Chapter 5 . Typical Animal Cell . Cell Membrane . What separates the cell from the outside environment “Fluid Mosaic” model Functions Transportation of materials in and out of cell Cell recognition Cell communication Homeostasis . Fluid Mosaic Model .

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Cell Structure

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  1. Cell Structure Chapter 5

  2. Typical Animal Cell

  3. Cell Membrane • What separates the cell from the outside environment • “Fluid Mosaic” model • Functions • Transportation of materials in and out of cell • Cell recognition • Cell communication • Homeostasis

  4. Fluid Mosaic Model • Cell membrane has both solid and liquid properties • Membrane made of lipid and protein • Phospholipidbilayer – fluid part • Hydrophobic tail • Hydrophilic head • Proteins, carbohydrates, cholesterol, etc embedded in bilayer – mosaic part • Membrane is selectively permeable

  5. Cell Wall • Surrounds cell membrane in plant, algae, and some bacterial cells • More protection and support • Is very porous • Allows water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other substances to pass through • Made of cellulose

  6. Nucleus • Information center of the cell • Controls metabolism, growth, differentiation, structure and reproduction of the cell • Contains DNA (in chromosomes) • Controls actions of the cell including cell reproduction

  7. Parts of The Nucleus • Nuclear Envelope • 2 membranes that surround the nucleus • Nuclear Pores • Openings in the nuclear envelope that allow molecules to move in and out of the nucleus • Nucleolus • Small region made up of RNA and proteins • Where ribosomes are made • Chromosomes • DNA in the nucleus • Contains genetic information

  8. Organelles • Small bodies with specific structures and functions within the cell

  9. Cytoplasm • Liquid substance between the nucleus and the cell membrane • Contains organelles of the cell

  10. “Mighty” Mitochondria – energy makers • Largest organelle (after nucleus) • Double membrane • Change energy stored in food into compounds that can be used by the cell • Cristae – folds of inner membrane to increase SA for cellular respiration • Matrix - inner part, similar to cytoplasm of cell • Contain some of their own DNA and ribosomes • Can self replicate • Other functions • Control water/ion concentration • Cellular Respiration • C6H1206 + 6 O2 ATP + 6 C02 + 6 H20

  11. Chloroplasts – food makers for the world • In plant cells only • Trap energy from sunlight and convert it into energy that can be used by the cell • Photosynthesis (reverse cell respiration) • 6 C02 + 6 H20 + ATP C6H1206 + 6 O2

  12. Ribosomes • Structures where proteins are made • Made of rRNA and protein • One of the smallest organelles • Polysomes: free floating groups of ribosomes

  13. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) • Complex network of sacs • Begins just outside the nucleus • Function: transports materials through the inside of the cell • 2 types • Smooth ER: no ribosomes on the walls • Lipid (hormone and steroid) synthesis • Detoxifies drugs and chemicals in the cell • Rough ER: ribosomes on walls • Protein synthesis

  14. Golgi Body (Apparatus) • Proteins are sent to Golgi (from RER) for more modifications • Proteins then used in other parts of cell or transported out of cell • Golgi functions • Modifier • Collector • Packager • Distributer

  15. Lysosomes – “clean up crew” • Contain chemicals and enzymes • Formed by Golgi • Not found in plants • Functions • Cellular digestion • Auto-digestion/disposal of cell components • Breakdown of whole cells • Destroy bacteria • Endocyctosis – cells that “engulf” other material • Process that allows larger items to enter the cell

  16. Vacuoles – “storage tanks” • Saclike structures formed from other membranes within the cell • Store/transport water, salts, proteins, carbs • Plants usually have a single large vacuole • Vesicles are small vacuoles

  17. Cytoskeleton • Made of filaments and fibers • Microtubules – support for cell shape, form centrioles (used in cell division) • Cilia/flagella – made of multiple microtubules • Used for cell movement • Microfilaments – long fibers for movement and support

  18. Centrioles • Near the nucleus • 2 cylinder shapes • Are part of cell division

  19. Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Prokaryotes • Single celled organisms • Lack nucleus • Lack membrane bound organelles Eukaryotes • Multi- celled organisms • Have a nucleus • Have membrane bound organelles

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