1 / 26

Respiratory Bacterial Infections

Respiratory Bacterial Infections. Dr Amin Aqel Respiratory system. In lower respiratory system usually no permanent residents are present. Bordetella pertussis Basics. Aerobic, small, Gram negative encapsulated coccobacillus Specific to Humans Colonizes the respiratory tract

drake-jacobson
Download Presentation

Respiratory Bacterial Infections

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Respiratory Bacterial Infections Dr AminAqel Respiratory system

  2. In lower respiratory system usually no permanent residents are present

  3. Bordetella pertussis Basics • Aerobic, small, Gram negative encapsulated coccobacillus • Specific to Humans • Colonizes the respiratory tract • Whooping Cough (Pertussis) • Bordetella parapertussis is the most closely related to Bordetella pertussis . • It can cause a milder pertussis-like disease in humans http://www.hhmi.princeton.edu/sw/2002/psidelsk/Microlinks.htm http://microvet.arizona.edu/Courses/MIC420/lecture_notes/bordetella_pertussis/ gram_pertussis.html

  4. Transmission • Very Contagious • Transmission occurs via respiratory droplets • Outbreaks first described in the 16th Century • Major cause of childhood fatality prior to vaccination http://www.ratbags.com/rsoles/history/2000/12december.htm http://www.universityscience.ie/imgs/scientists/whoopingcough.gif

  5. Virulence Steele, R.W. Pertussis: Is Eradication Achievable. Pediatric Annals. Aug 2004. 33(8):525-534

  6. Adhesions • Filamentous hemagglutinin • Pertactin • Fimbriae http://www.rivm.nl/infectieziektenbulletin/bul1306/kinkhoest.jpg http://www.my-pharm.ac.jp/~yishibas/research/Pertussis1.jpg

  7. Toxins • Pertussis Toxin: Colonizing factor and endotoxin • Adenylate Cyclase Toxin: Invasive toxin, Impairment of immune effector cells • Tracheal cytotoxin: inhibits cilia movement • Dermonecrotic toxin: vasoconstriction and ischemic necrosis www.ibl.fr/u447/u447.htm

  8. Pertussis Pathogenesis • Primarily a toxin-mediated disease • Bacteria attach to cilia of respiratory epithelial cells • produce toxins that paralyze the cilia, and cause inflammation of the respiratory tract • Inflammation will interferes with clearance of pulmonary secretions • Pertussis antigens allow evasion of host defenses (lymphocytosis promoted but impaired chemotaxis)

  9. Pertussis Infection and Clinical Features • Incubation period 4-21 days • 3 Stages • 1st Stage- Catarrhal Stage 1-2 weeks • 2nd Stage- Paroxysmal Stage 1-6 weeks • 3rd Stage- Convalescent Stage weeks-months http://www.cdc.gov/nip/publications/pertussis/chapter1.pdf

  10. Diagnosis • Isolation by culture • PCR • Direct fluorescent antibody • Serological testing Treatment • Antibiotic therapy • Erythromycin • Azithromycin and clarithromycin • Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole http://medinfo.ufl.edu/year2/mmid/bms5300/images/d7053.jpg

  11. Pertussis Vaccine • 1st Pertussis vaccine- whole cell • Acellular vaccine now used • Combination vaccines http://www.tdh.state.tx.us/immunize/providers.htm http://www.nfid.org/publications/clinicalupdates/pediatric/pertussis.html

  12. Corynebacterium Species • General characteristics • Found as free-living saprophytes in fresh and salt water, in soil and in the air • Members of the usual flora of humans and animals(often dismissed as contaminants) • Often called “diphtheroids” • Corynebacterium diphtheriae isthe most significant pathogen • Other species may cause infections in the immunocompromised hosts

  13. General Characteristics • Morphology • Gram-positive, non–spore-forming rods, Non-motile; noncapsulate • Arrange in palisades:“L-V” shape; “Chinese characters” • Pleomorphic: “club-ends” or coryneform • Beaded, irregular staining • Metachromatic granules (often near the poles) give the rod a beaded appearance. • Strains of this genus contain short mycolic acid in the cell wall. .

  14. C. diphtheriae: Agent of Diphtheria • Toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae • Worldwide distribution but rare in places where vaccination programs exist • Exotoxin, Diphtheria toxin, as the virulence factor • Not all C. diphtheriae strains produce toxin • Toxin is produced by certain strains • Toxin is antigenic

  15. C. diphtheriae Pathogenesis and Immunity C. diphtheriae occurs in the respiratory tract, in wounds, or on the skin of infected persons or normal carriers. It is spread by droplets or skin contact. Portal of entry: respiratory tract or skin abrasions. Diphtheria bacilli colonize and grow on mucous membranes, and start to produce toxin, which is then absorbed into the mucous membranes, and even spread by the bloodstream. Local toxigenic effects: elicit inflammatory response and necrosis of the faucial mucosa cells-- formation of "pseudo-membrane“ (composed of bacteria, lymphocytes, plasma cells, fibrin, and dead cells), causing respiratory obstruction. Systemic toxigenic effects: necrosis in heart muscle, liver, kidneys and adrenals. Also produces neural damage.

  16. ToxigenicCorynebacteriumdiphtheriae • Toxin consists of two fragments(heat labile) • A: Active fragment • Inhibits protein synthesis • Leads to cell/tissue death • B: Binding • Binds to specific cell membrane receptors • Mediates entry of fragment A into cytoplasm of host cell

  17. Clinical Forms of Diphtheria Bull-neck appearance • Respiratory • Acquired by droplet spray or hand to mouth contact • Non-immunized individuals are susceptible • Non-respiratory • Systemic • Skin and cutaneous forms

  18. Diphtheria Respiratory disease–diphtheria Incubation period–2 to 5 days Symptoms: sore throat, fever, malaise Toxin is produced locally, usually in the pharynx or tonsils Toxin causes tissue necrosis, can be absorbed to produce systemic effects Forms a tough, thick, adherent grey to white pseudo-membrane which may cause suffocation (WBC + RBCs +organism +fibrin +dead cells)

  19. Treatment • Infected patients treated with anti-toxin and antibiotics • Anti-toxin produced in horses • Antibiotics have no effect on circulating toxin, but prevent spread of the toxin by bacteial killing • Penicillin drug of choice, erythromycin • Prevention: DPT immunization

  20. Laboratory Diagnosis Microscopic morphology Gram-positive, non–spore-forming rods, club-shaped, can be beaded Appear in palisades and give "Chinese letter" arrangement Produce metachromatic granules or “Babes’ Ernst” bodies (food reserves) which stain more darkly than remainder of organism Corynebacterium diphtheriae gram stain

  21. Laboratory Diagnosis:Cultural Characteristics Loeffler's slant used to demonstrate pleomorphism and metachromatic granules ("Babes’ Ernst bodies“) Growth on Serum Tellurite or modified Tinsdale exhibits brown or grayish→ to black halos around the colonies Blood agar plate, grey translucent colonies Small zone of b- hemolysis also seen Tellurite: tellurium dioxide (TeO2).

  22. Laboratory Diagnosis Toxigenicity testing Elek test Immunodiffusion test Organisms are streaked on media with low Fe content to maximize toxin production. protease peptone agar + serum (horse or bovine) 1 and 4 positive

  23. Streptococcus pyogenes in chains

  24. Bacillus anthracis

  25. TB/ Löwenstein–Jensen medium

  26. Pseudomonas/ Pigments in Nutrient Agar

More Related